Epilepsy, commonly known as “goat’s horn”, is a serious disorder caused by abnormal brain cell discharges. There are about 10 million patients in China, and at least 20% of them, or about 2 million patients, have epilepsy that is difficult to control with drugs – refractory epilepsy. The diagnosis of epilepsy is mainly based on clinical manifestations of seizures and electrophysiological examinations, especially EEG. Most patients with epilepsy can achieve complete control or basic control with reasonable drug therapy. In contrast, refractory epilepsy epilepsy requires surgical treatment in most cases due to its general resistance to antiepileptic drugs and unsatisfactory medical treatment. The current indications for surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy include: 1. Epilepsy that is difficult to control with reasonable drug therapy, with a disease duration of more than 2 years and at least 1 seizure per month. 2, various refractory epilepsy syndromes, including: infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, Rasmussen syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, medial temporal lobe sclerosis, cerebral cortical developmental disorders, etc. 3. Symptomatic epilepsy caused by brain tumors, vascular malformations, traumatic brain injury, etc. Surgical removal of epileptogenic lesions for epilepsy has a history of more than 100 years. With the emergence of new surgical techniques and new preoperative techniques for precise localization of epileptogenic sites, surgical treatment has become the treatment of choice for refractory epilepsy. The key to the effectiveness of surgical treatment of epilepsy is twofold: the precise localization of the epileptogenic site, and the strict mastery of the indications for surgical treatment. Not all patients with refractory epilepsy can undergo surgical treatment, some cannot undergo surgery for various reasons, and some do not do well even after surgery. Therefore, indications must be strictly controlled and cases must be carefully selected. The methods of epilepsy surgical treatment can be summarized into three main types: first, to eliminate and destroy the epileptic foci, such as removing the epileptogenic foci by craniotomy; second, to block the neural pathways of epileptic transmission, subchondral transection, corpus callosotomy, etc.; third, to reduce cortical excitability and increase the threshold of spontaneous discharge, such as vagus nerve stimulation. After long-term clinical observation, it is proved that simple lesion removal or blocking the conduction pathway and increasing the threshold does not achieve the best therapeutic effect, and the combination of the above-mentioned methods is the best solution for epilepsy treatment. Since epilepsy is a serious disorder caused by abnormal brain cell discharges, the nerve cells that first show abnormal discharges are called “epileptogenic foci”, and the most effective way to treat epilepsy is to accurately locate the “epileptogenic foci” and remove them. In the past, due to technical reasons, the preoperative localization of epileptic foci was difficult or not accurate enough, which affected the efficacy of surgery. Nanjing Brain Hospital has recently introduced the most advanced equipment for epilepsy localization, with a localization error of 2mm or less, which has solved the problem of precise localization of epileptogenic foci. The hospital’s neurosurgery department uses magnetoencephalography to precisely locate the epileptogenic foci before surgery, and then integrates it with magnetic resonance imaging technology. The final cortical EEG tracing confirmed that the original abnormal discharge disappeared and the epileptic focus was completely removed. The procedure utilizes the most advanced technologies such as magnetoencephalography, magnetic resonance fusion, neuronavigation, and intraoperative cortical EEG, and is a model of perfect combination of neuroimaging technology, neurophysiology and functional brain imaging. It is one of the most effective methods for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. The promotion and application of this surgery will definitely bring greater benefits to the majority of epilepsy patients.