At present, there are more drugs used for bronchial asthma, which can be roughly divided into two categories, one is bronchodilators, which can release bronchospasm and improve ventilation function, such as β2 agonists, aminophylline, ipratropium bromide, etc. Another category is anti-allergic inflammatory drugs, which can eliminate chronic bronchial inflammation, reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and fundamentally relieve bronchial asthma, such as glucocorticoids and sodium cromoglycate.
There are also immunomodulators, which can be used as adjuvant medications for asthma.
Asthma medication must be chosen according to the condition. Some drugs can be used for a long time with few side effects, such as inhaled glucocorticoids, sodium cromoglycate, ketotifen, immunomodulators, etc. Some drugs are prone to side effects and should not be used. Some drugs are prone to side effects and should not be used for a long time, such as systemic glucocorticoids, β2 agonists, aminophylline, etc.
The proper use of asthma medication is closely related to whether asthma can be effectively controlled or not. The use of medication must be bold, flexible, and constantly adjusted according to the condition, and similar drugs should not be used repeatedly in large quantities to prevent side effects.
I. Glucocorticoid drugs
Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-toxic, anti-shock and immunosuppressive effects, and are clinically consumed as synthetic preparations, which can be divided into two categories: systemic and local drugs, and are the most important drugs for asthma prevention and treatment. The following preparations are used for asthma.
(a) Systemic drugs
1. Hydrocortisone
2. Prednisone
3. Methylprednisolone
4. Dexamethasone
(B) Local medication
1. Beclomethasone (aerosol), such as Bicodone aerosol, etc.
2. Budesonide (aerosol), such as Pramipexole aerosol, etc.
At present, there are more drugs used for bronchial asthma, which can be roughly divided into two categories, one is bronchodilators, which can release bronchospasm and improve ventilation function, such as β2 agonists, aminophylline, ipratropium bromide, etc. Another category is anti-allergic inflammatory drugs, which can eliminate chronic bronchial inflammation, reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and fundamentally relieve bronchial asthma, such as glucocorticoids and sodium cromoglycate.
There are also immunomodulators, which can be used as adjuvant medications for asthma.
Asthma medication must be chosen according to the condition. Some drugs can be used for a long time with few side effects, such as inhaled glucocorticoids, sodium cromoglycate, ketotifen, immunomodulators, etc. Some drugs are prone to side effects and should not be used. Some drugs are prone to side effects and should not be used for a long time, such as systemic glucocorticoids, β2 agonists, aminophylline, etc.
The proper use of asthma medication is closely related to whether asthma can be effectively controlled or not. The use of medication must be bold, flexible, and constantly adjusted according to the condition, and similar drugs should not be used repeatedly in large quantities to prevent side effects.
I. Glucocorticoid drugs
Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-toxic, anti-shock and immunosuppressive effects, and are clinically consumed as synthetic preparations, which can be divided into two categories: systemic and local drugs, and are the most important drugs for asthma prevention and treatment. The following preparations are used for asthma.
(a) Systemic drugs
1. Hydrocortisone
2. Prednisone
3. Methylprednisolone
4. Dexamethasone
(B) Local medication
1. Beclomethasone (aerosol), such as Bicodone aerosol, etc.
2. Budesonide (aerosol), such as Pramipexole aerosol, etc.
II. β2 adrenergic agonists
β2-adrenergic agonists, referred to as β2-agonists, are the drugs of choice for relieving bronchospasm, but they cannot completely control asthma, and excessive abuse can aggravate the condition and worsen the prognosis.
The main effects of this drug are.
Relaxes airway smooth muscle and relieves airway spasm, leading to bronchodilation.
It can limit the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and has a strong protective effect on mast cell membranes.
Increases airway mucous membrane cilia clearance and airway sputum removal.
Improves cardiovascular hemodynamics, improves respiratory muscle contractility, reduces pulmonary hypertension, and increases ventricular ejection fraction.
Inhibits the transmission of cholinergic neurotransmitters in the airway.
Long-term application of this product not only cannot reduce airway hyperresponsiveness, but also can increase it, and cannot eliminate airway allergic inflammation, and the antispasmodic effect will be reduced. Therefore, this product should not be used alone to treat asthma, but must be combined with anti-inflammatory and other drugs to achieve the best control of asthma.
There are many types of β2-agonists, which can be divided into three categories: short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting according to their duration of action.
(i) Short-acting category (maintaining the effect for 4-6 hours)
Salbutamol, such as salbutamol, albuterol, etc.
(B) medium-acting category (maintenance effect of 6-8 hours)
1. Terbutaline, such as Bolikonib, etc.
2. Procaterol, such as Methotrexate, etc.
(C) long-acting class (maintenance of 12 hours, especially for nocturnal onset)
1. salmeterol, such as sulforaphane (also contains fluticasone propionate).
2. Formoterol, such as Cymbalta (also contains budesonide)
Theophyllines
Theophylline drugs have obvious bronchodilating effects and have been used for the treatment of asthma for nearly 70 years, and are currently one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Many theophyllines and their derivatives are known, and the more commonly used clinical ones are aminophylline, which have good efficacy in allergic, cold air, histamine, aspirin, and exercise-induced asthma. The main effects are as follows.
1. Tracheal dilation effect
2. Anti-inflammatory effect
3. Removal of secretions
4. Other effects such as increasing respiratory movement, enhancing pulmonary and bronchial blood circulation, and stimulating respiratory center, thus increasing pulmonary ventilation.
III. Non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs
This class of drugs refers to non-hormonal anti-allergic inflammatory drugs, which have strong anti-inflammatory activity without hormonal side effects and are suitable for long-term application, and can be used as the first-line drugs for the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma in remission. The following are commonly used at present
1. Sodium cromoglycate
2. Leukotriene modulators, such as cisplatin.
IV. Antihistamines
Antihistamines have antihistamine, anti-allergy, inhibit airway hyperresponsiveness and rapid-onset and delayed-onset asthma reactions, and can also relieve bronchospasm. Therefore, the effect of the new generation of antihistamines in the prevention and treatment of asthma is certain. The following are currently in common use.
1. loratadine, such as keratan.
2. Cetirizine, such as Xantrem.
3. Promethazine, such as fenugreek.
4. Astemizole, such as Xanaxin.
5. Ketotifen
V. Anticholinergic asthma drugs
Currently commonly used are
1. Isoproterenol, such as albuterol.
2. Isopropyl scopolamine
Immunomodulators
Immunomodulators can mainly enhance the immune function of the body, will be strong resistance to disease, and have a certain preventive effect on asthma, especially for those with immunodeficiency. They are more effective for children with asthma. Commonly used are
1. Transfer factor
2. Thymidine
3. Nuclear cheese
4. Lantopodium β2-adrenergic agonist is referred to as β2-agonist, is the first choice of drugs to relieve bronchospasm, but can not completely control asthma, and too much abuse can also aggravate the condition to worsen the prognosis.
The main effects of this drug are.
Relaxes airway smooth muscle and relieves airway spasm, leading to bronchodilation.
It can limit the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and has a strong protective effect on mast cell membranes.
Increases airway mucous membrane cilia clearance and airway sputum removal.
Improves cardiovascular hemodynamics, improves respiratory muscle contractility, reduces pulmonary hypertension, and increases ventricular ejection fraction.
Inhibits the transmission of cholinergic neurotransmitters in the airway.
Long-term application of this product not only cannot reduce airway hyperresponsiveness, but also can increase it, and cannot eliminate airway allergic inflammation, and the antispasmodic effect will be reduced. Therefore, this product should not be used alone to treat asthma, but must be combined with anti-inflammatory and other drugs to achieve the best control of asthma.
There are many types of β2-agonists, which can be divided into three categories: short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting according to their duration of action.
(i) Short-acting category (maintaining the effect for 4-6 hours)
Salbutamol, such as salbutamol, albuterol, etc.
(B) medium-acting category (maintenance effect of 6-8 hours)
1. Terbutaline, such as Bolikonib, etc.
2. Procaterol, such as Methotrexate, etc.
(C) long-acting class (maintenance of 12 hours, especially for nocturnal onset)
1. salmeterol, such as sulforaphane (also contains fluticasone propionate).
2. Formoterol, such as Cymbalta (also contains budesonide)
Theophyllines
Theophylline drugs have obvious bronchodilating effects and have been used for the treatment of asthma for nearly 70 years, and are currently one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Many theophyllines and their derivatives are known, and the more commonly used clinical ones are aminophylline, which have good efficacy in allergic, cold air, histamine, aspirin, and exercise-induced asthma. The main effects are as follows.
1. Tracheal dilation effect
2. Anti-inflammatory effect
3. Removal of secretions
4. Other effects such as increasing respiratory movement, enhancing pulmonary and bronchial blood circulation, and stimulating respiratory center, thus increasing pulmonary ventilation.
III. Non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs
This class of drugs refers to non-hormonal anti-allergic inflammatory drugs, which have strong anti-inflammatory activity without hormonal side effects and are suitable for long-term application, and can be used as the first-line drugs for the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma in remission. The following are commonly used at present
1. Sodium cromoglycate
2. Leukotriene modulators, such as cisplatin.
IV. Antihistamines
Antihistamines have antihistamine, anti-allergy, inhibit airway hyperresponsiveness and rapid-onset and delayed-onset asthma reactions, and can also relieve bronchospasm. Therefore, the effect of the new generation of antihistamines in the prevention and treatment of asthma is certain. The following are currently in common use.
1. loratadine, such as keratan.
2. Cetirizine, such as Xantrem.
3. Promethazine, such as fenugreek.
4. Astemizole, such as Xanaxin.
5. Ketotifen
V. Anticholinergic asthma drugs
Currently commonly used are
1. Isoproterenol, such as albuterol.
2. Isopropyl scopolamine
Immunomodulators
Immunomodulators can mainly enhance the immune function of the body, will be strong resistance to disease, and have a certain preventive effect on asthma, especially for those with immunodeficiency. They are more effective for children with asthma. Commonly used are
1. Transfer factor
2. Thymidine
3. Nuclear cheese
4. Lymphoprim