Pituitary dwarfism presents with a short, well-proportioned stature and a child-like appearance in adulthood. Pituitary dwarfism is a growth disorder caused by a deficiency of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary before puberty. The only effective treatment for this condition is human growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy. The latter is caused by organic lesions of the hypothalamus-pituitary gland, mainly craniopharyngioma and pineal tumor. It can be attributed to both congenital and acquired factors. The congenital factors mostly affect the growth and development of the fetus due to the deficiency of essence and blood of the parents, most of which are genetically related, and the general intellectual development is normal. The prevention and treatment of pituitary dwarfism mainly depends on the primary disease, and here we mainly introduce the prevention and treatment of cretinism. Iodized salt should be supplied to goiter endemic areas to reduce the incidence. Women with goiter, especially during pregnancy, should eat more iodine-containing foods.