The survival of patients with severe anemia varies from person to person, and the specific survival period needs to be combined with the primary disease and cannot be generalized. Hematologic tumors, on the other hand, have a poor prognosis and may have a survival period of only a few years. The common causes of anemia include blood loss, renal anemia, renal failure, malnutrition, and blood disorders, etc. The prognosis of patients varies depending on the cause, degree of anemia, and rate of anemia. Usually, general anemia does not affect the survival of patients after active treatment, such as iron deficiency anemia can be cured by iron supplementation without affecting life expectancy. For severe anemia, the main reason affecting survival is the nature of the primary disease, such as severe iron deficiency anemia caused by excessive menstruation in women and long-term chronic blood loss in the digestive tract, which can usually be cured by active treatment of the primary disease and the administration of iron supplements. In the case of hematologic diseases, such as leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, complete cure is often not possible and patients may have only a few years of survival. Therefore, it is recommended that patients with anemia actively seek medical consultation in hematology to identify the primary cause and provide etiological and symptomatic treatment.