Esophageal cancer is a cancer that originates from the epithelium of the esophagus, and is one of the common gastrointestinal tumors. China is one of the regions with high incidence of esophageal cancer in the world and also has the highest mortality rate of esophageal cancer. “Esophageal cancer accounts for about 22.4% of malignant tumor deaths in China, second only to stomach cancer. However, with the cancer prevention census in regions with high incidence of esophageal cancer, the detection rate of early cases has increased, and the application of new treatment methods such as bioimmunotherapy has significantly improved the treatment effect of esophageal cancer.” Examination methods of esophageal cancer Examination methods of esophageal cancer mainly include barium swallow X-ray, CT, fiberoptic gastroscopy or esophagoscopy, cytological examination, biopsy fiberoptic gastroscopy, etc. Among them, biopsy fiberoptic gastroscopy is the most routine examination method to diagnose esophageal cancer as it can obtain clear pathological diagnosis by taking tissue for pathological examination. Treatment principles of esophageal cancer The clinical treatment of esophageal cancer should adopt the principle of comprehensive treatment. Early esophageal cancer patients can be treated with surgery and postoperative biological immunotherapy to remove residual cancer cells and prevent recurrence and metastasis. If patients have poor cardiopulmonary function or are unwilling to undergo surgery, radical radiotherapy or radiotherapy with biological therapy is feasible. For patients with intermediate stage, preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy can be used before surgery, which may improve the overall survival rate of patients. Treatment for patients with advanced disease is based on chemotherapy and palliative care. Palliative means of treatment mainly include palliative radiotherapy, endoscopic treatment, nutritional support and symptomatic treatment such as pain relief. For some advanced patients with poor physical condition, bioimmunotherapy alone can also be considered, which has few side effects and can effectively prolong patients’ lives and improve their quality of life.