Most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis can be cured with regular anti-tuberculosis treatment, but about 3-5% of patients still need surgical treatment. Pulmonary tuberculosis requiring surgical treatment mainly includes: pulmonary tuberculosis cavity, tuberculoma, destroyed lung, tuberculous abscess chest, tuberculosis of mediastinal lymph nodes in the lung portal, haemoptysis emergency, spontaneous pneumothorax, etc. 1. Indications for cavitary tuberculosis surgery After regular treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs, there is no significant change or increase in the size of the cavity, and the sputum is positive, especially in cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Those who are negative for tuberculosis but have obvious clinical symptoms, such as recurrent hemoptysis and secondary infection (including mycobacterial infection), and whose drug treatment is ineffective; those who cannot exclude cancerous cavities; atypical acid-resistant cavities with poor chemotherapy effect or high drug resistance. 2.Indications for tuberculoma surgery Tuberculoma treated with regular anti-tuberculosis therapy, sputum positive and hemoptysis; tuberculosis bacilli cannot exclude lung cancer; tuberculoma diameter greater than 3 cm, no change under regular chemotherapy. 3.Destruction of lung surgery indications Those who still excrete bacteria after regular anti-tuberculosis treatment, or repeated hemoptysis and secondary infection 4.Tuberculous abscess chest surgery indications Simple tuberculous abscess chest without other bacterial infection and no lesions in the lung; chronic tuberculous abscess chest and lung with more extensive fibrous caseous lesions; with lung cavity, after fiber layer stripping, lung expansion dissatisfied patients. Tuberculous abscess chest with positive sputum bacteria and no active lesions in the contralateral lung or contralateral lung with lesions but more limited and basically stable. Patients with pure tuberculous abscess chest with secondary infection caused by repeated thoracentesis and ineffective antibiotic treatment. Surgical methods: pleural fibrous layer stripping, intrapleural thoracoplasty, extrapleural total pneumonectomy, and thoracic drainage. 5. Indications for surgery for tuberculous bronchial stenosis Scarred stenosis or occlusion after cure of bronchial endotracheal tuberculosis, or with symptoms such as recurrent infection in the distal lung, bloody sputum and shortness of breath. 6. Indications for emergency surgery for hemoptysis include: hemoptysis of more than 600 ml in 24 hours, ineffective by medical treatment; clear site of bleeding; cardiopulmonary function and general condition permitting; repeated hemoptysis with asphyxia, aura of asphyxia or hypotension or shock. 7.Surgical adaptation of spontaneous pneumothorax includes: multiple episodes of pneumothorax (more than 2~3 times); closed chest drainage for more than 2 weeks, but still continue to leak; liquid pneumothorax with early signs of infection; hemopneumothorax with lung not reopened after closed chest drainage; pneumothorax side combined with obvious pulmonary blister; one side of the pneumothorax and the history of pneumothorax on the opposite side should be operated early.