Introduction: Coughing is a defensive response against germs, which can eliminate germs, mucus and other irritants from the airways. Often, children’s coughs are a signal that they are sick, and parents need to learn to identify the different cough sounds to understand what is wrong with their children in time to send them to the hospital for targeted treatment so that they can get rid of the disease and restore their health as soon as possible. 1. The common cold is a direct cough that produces mucus and is not accompanied by croup or breathing difficulties. In addition to coughing, the common cold is accompanied by other common cold symptoms: runny nose, sneezing, tears and mild fever. The cough caused by the common cold is usually present throughout the cold and does not improve or worsen significantly until some other cold symptoms disappear. 2. Acute bronchitis Cough appears 3-4 days after upper respiratory tract infection, initially as a dry cough, later with sputum. Virus is the main cause, and there is often fever, and vomiting and diarrhea accompanying the cough, and there is often mucus in the vomitus, and the general systemic symptoms are not obvious. Symptoms usually resolve within three weeks. Beyond this period or if the cough persists, secondary infections such as pneumonia should be suspected. 3. Capillary bronchitis Persistent dry cough with episodes of wheezing. Fine bronchitis is an infection of the small airways of the lungs and is a very common disease in infants and children. Infants and children who are infected with respiratory syncytial virus are particularly vulnerable. The initial symptoms are similar to those of the common cold. After about 2-4 days, as the secretions in the trachea increase, the diameter of the trachea becomes narrower, and coughing, difficulty breathing, a significant depression between the ribs when inhaling, or a wheezing sound when exhaling occur, as well as an increase in the number of breaths, some of which resemble the symptoms of asthma, and the inability to sleep peacefully at night. After 3-5 days, the wheezing sound when exhaling and shortness of breath will gradually improve, but the symptoms of nasal congestion and coughing will last for another one to two weeks or so. 4.Pneumonia Cough with fever, shortness of breath and even difficulty in breathing. Pediatric pneumonia is a common clinical condition that occurs in all seasons, with winter and spring being the most common. If the treatment is not complete, it is likely to recur and affect the child’s development. The clinical manifestations of pediatric pneumonia are fever, cough and dyspnea, but there are also those who do not have fever but have heavy coughing and wheezing. Neonates, especially immature children, are very unresponsive and have atypical symptoms when they have pneumonia, no fever or cough, normal or below normal body temperature, so adults tend to ignore neonatal pneumonia and it leads to adverse consequences. At the same time, the child may have general symptoms such as depression, restlessness, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. In infants and young children, it is easy to cause vomiting and diarrhea. Most fevers are high and can last from two to three days to about a week. As long as pediatric pneumonia is detected in time and treated effectively, the sick child can recover quickly. 5. Acute infectious laryngitis The coughing sound is “clunk”, like a small dog barking, so it is called “barking cough”, and hoarseness appears at the same time. The condition is usually milder during the day and worsens at night. The laryngeal cavity is narrow in children, and the cross-sectional area of the vocal and subglottic regions in children is much smaller than that of adults. The condition is usually mild during the day and worsens at night, and acute laryngeal obstruction often occurs at night due to the rapid development of laryngeal inflammation and laryngeal edema. The child may wake up with difficulty in breathing, the voice may become hoarser, the nose may flare when breathing, and the “triple concave sign” may appear when inhaling, i.e., the supraclavicular fossa, the suprasternal fossa, and the epigastric depression.