Introduction: Coughing is a defensive response against germs, which can eliminate germs, mucus and other irritants from the airways. Many times, children coughing is a signal that they are sick. Parents need to learn to identify the different cough sounds, understand what is wrong with their children and send them to the hospital for targeted treatment so that they can get rid of the disease and recover as soon as possible. 1. Tuberculosis Dry cough, lethargy, sweating at night, and low fever in the afternoon. Tuberculosis is a common infectious disease, also known as the “white plague”, and has been making a comeback in recent years. For children with chronic cough with low-grade fever and wasting symptoms, a chest X-ray must be taken and a tuberculin test performed. Once the diagnosis is clear, immediately transfer to a tuberculosis hospital for regular treatment. 2. Whooping cough A paroxysmal spasmodic cough with a deep, long, “cockle”-like inspiratory roar; the baby’s cough is accompanied by intranasal mucus bubbles. Pertussis is a highly contagious whistling disease caused by the bacillus pertussis, if not treated promptly and effectively, the course of the disease can be extended for several months or so, so called “pertussis”. The disease is highly contagious and often causes epidemics. The younger the child, the more serious the disease, and can be complicated by pneumonia, encephalopathy and death. In the past thirty years, due to the extensive vaccination of the vaccine, the prevalence of pertussis in China has been greatly reduced, and the morbidity and mortality rates have been significantly reduced. In short, good vaccination is the best way to prevent the occurrence of this disease. 3, bronchial asthma Activity or heavy cough at night, not much cough during the day, coughing can be up to several weeks, especially if there is a family history of asthma. Asthma causes the small airways in the lungs to expand and narrow, which in turn causes irritating mucus to be produced. Infants and children with asthma may have wheezing coughs, congested lungs and difficulty in whistling. 4. Gastroesophageal reflux disease Persistent wheezing cough after feeding, aggravated by lying down. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a backflow of acid into the esophagus due to weakness of the apical sphincter of the stomach. If stomach acid reflux enters the infant’s lungs, it can irritate the tissues causing a cough. If your baby has been diagnosed with GERD, it can help to stay upright for half an hour to an hour after feeding. When feeding your baby, try to hold him or her upright and gently burp him or her during or after a feeding. If you can, reducing the amount of milk you give at each breast or formula feeding may also help. You can compensate for the reduced amount of milk at each feeding by increasing the number of feedings. Older children who are weaning need to eat less stimulating foods and be fed on time, not within two hours or before bedtime. 5. Foreign body inhalation Violent choking and coughing occurs immediately after foreign body inhalation. Children due to imperfect dental development, can not chew peanuts, melon seeds, beans and other things, and pediatric pharyngeal reflex is not sound, easy to inhale foreign bodies into the airway and the formation of tracheal, bronchial foreign bodies. In addition, children crying or laughing when eating can also breathe food into the airway. Other children like to carry things in their mouths and may inhale foreign bodies into the airway when they cry or fall. The child chokes violently immediately after the inhalation of the foreign body, and immediately becomes red and has symptoms such as breath-holding and poor inspiration. Subsequently, if the foreign body attaches itself to the tracheal wall, the symptoms may be temporarily relieved. If the inhaled foreign body is light and smooth, such as watermelon seeds, it often moves up and down in the trachea with the whistling airflow. As a result, the child may still have a cough from time to time after the symptoms have subsided. The foreign body may make a tapping sound when it hits upward with the airflow in the trachea. When the foreign body enters the bronchus, the cough may be slightly reduced. If the foreign body is vegetative, there is often fever, cough and sputum. If both bronchi of the lungs are blocked by foreign bodies, there is significant breath-holding or dysphonia. Tip: Regardless of the type of cough, care should be taken to keep the child’s home warm and cold, maintain a certain level of humidity, and urge the child to increase or decrease clothing with the weather to avoid respiratory tract infections. Keep the air fresh indoors, pay attention to oral hygiene, and rinse the mouth several times a day. If there is a lot of sputum, try to encourage the child to expel the sputum; if the child is unable to cough up, turn and pat the back to help the sputum to be expelled, and if necessary, aspirate the sputum, but avoid stimulation or injury.