Since the lumbar region is the hub of human activities, it is subjected to great extrusion and torsional stress, so the intervertebral disc in the lumbar region is most prone to degeneration and rupture, and disc herniation occurs under the action of external factors such as slight lumbar sprain or feeling wind, cold and damp external evil. A small number of patients have leg pain before low back pain. In patients who have low back pain first, the pain can last from a few days to several years. Most of the pain is in the lower back and lumbosacral region. This type of pain is felt in deeper areas and presents as a slow onset and poorly localized limited or widespread dull pain in the low back that is aggravated by activity and relieved by bed rest. Approximately 98% of patients with lumbar disc herniation present with symptoms of leg pain. The location and nature of the pain varies depending on the location of the herniated disc. In 95% of lumbar disc herniation occurs in the lumbar 4, 5 or lumbar 5 sacral 1 discs, and this group of patients mostly presents with radiating pain along the sciatic nerve in one or both lower extremities, with most patients having pain along the buttocks to the back or outside of the thigh and the outside of the calf to the heel or toe, and individual patients having pain starting in the calf or outer ankle. The extent of the pain is related to the amount of nerve root contact with the herniated disc. In half of the patients, lower extremity pain may be aggravated by coughing, sneezing, or abdominal exertion. Patients may have hypersensitivity to lower extremity pain in the early stages, and those with longer disease duration or more severe nerve root compression have lower extremity numbness or dullness of sensation. Some patients with lumbar disc herniation exhibit coldness in the lower extremities due to stimulation of their lumbar sympathetic nerves, and some may also have unilateral or bilateral lower extremity edema. In a typical patient with lumbar disc herniation, the signs include lumbar muscle spasm, protective lumbar scoliosis, limitation of lumbar movement (mainly forward flexion), paravertebral pressure pain, and limitation of straight leg raising. In addition, in patients with high-grade lumbar disc herniation, the symptoms tend to manifest as pain in the groin area of the lower abdomen or the anterior medial thigh. In patients with huge central disc herniation, severe pain in the perineum, urinary dysfunction, sexual dysfunction or sudden aggravation of weakness in lower limb activities may suddenly appear, which is known as cauda equina syndrome, and should be seen immediately and operated on urgently, but the postoperative results are mostly unsatisfactory.