Li, a retired teacher, has been suffering from diabetes for 20 years, and was diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy 5 years ago, and his kidney function has gradually deteriorated. In the past 2 months, Mr. Li had swollen calves, nausea, poor appetite, and felt panic and shortness of breath when he climbed 2 flights of stairs. When he went to the hospital, the doctor told him that he had entered the uremic phase of chronic renal failure and had to start receiving renal replacement therapy. Seeing the doctor’s diagnosis, Li Laobao was apprehensive. Although he was used to dealing with hospitals and various drugs during his long illness, he thought his kidney function had already failed, plus his high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, angina history, and recalled the cold “blood washing machine” he had seen on TV, could his body withstand it? With these questions, Li found a nephrologist. After listening carefully to his medical history, the doctor gave a comprehensive and focused introduction to the knowledge related to renal replacement therapy, which gradually dispelled his worries and doubts. When a patient’s glomerular filtration rate is lower than 10 ml per minute (the standard for diabetic patients is lower than 15 ml per minute), it is necessary to receive renal replacement therapy to replace the damaged kidney function and protect the patient’s life. The renal replacement therapy for chronic renal failure and uremia has developed tremendously in recent years, and the concept and technical level have improved greatly, which has gone far beyond the “blood washing” in the common people’s understanding. One very important advancement is the concept of “integrated treatment” for uremia. The so-called “integrated treatment” of uremia refers to the rational arrangement of different renal replacement therapy (including peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and kidney transplantation) according to the characteristics of the patient at different stages of the uremic disease process, in order to provide the patient with the best treatment effect, the best quality of life and the best survival period. Specifically, it is important to focus on the residual renal function, cardiovascular status, self-management ability, psychological status, medical resources, family environment and social support of uremic patients to select the appropriate renal replacement modality. Each renal replacement modality has its own characteristics, which compensate each other and form a whole in the treatment of uremia. Peritoneal dialysis, on the other hand, is the preferred link for patients with uremia to enter into an integrated treatment. Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the exchange capacity that the human peritoneum naturally possesses to complete the excretion of toxins, metabolites and water in the body by injecting peritoneal dialysis fluid into the abdominal cavity. Before starting peritoneal dialysis, a small procedure is performed to implant a soft silicone tube (peritoneal dialysis tubing) into the abdominal wall with a twist switch that controls the flow of peritoneal fluid into and out of the abdominal cavity to complete a “peritoneal fluid exchange”. Usually, 3-4 times a day, each exchange is completed in about half an hour, and the rest of the work is left to the peritoneum, leaving the patient free to live, study and work. Compared with hemodialysis, which has been carried out for a long time in China, peritoneal dialysis has the following advantages: 1. Peritoneal dialysis is more ideal for the protection of residual kidney function. Patients who have entered uremia still have some residual kidney function, which is not enough to maintain normal human needs, but still has considerable benefits for the quality of life and survival of dialysis patients. Hemodialysis involves the removal of a large amount of toxins and water in a relatively short period of time, which can result in a short period of renal ischemia and a more turbulent internal environment, and residual kidney function is usually lost relatively quickly. In contrast, the treatment mode of peritoneal dialysis is continuous 24 hours a day, and the removal of toxins and water is continuous and gentle, which avoids large turbulence in the internal environment and effectively protects the residual kidney function of patients. 2. Peritoneal dialysis patients have more stable cardiovascular function. Hemodialysis requires the removal of a large amount of toxins and water in a relatively short period of time, and the ultrafiltration of such a large amount of fluid from the body is a greater test of the patient’s cardiovascular function. Many elderly patients, diabetic patients and patients with a previous history of cardiovascular disease often cannot tolerate hemodialysis ultrafiltration and experience hypotension during dialysis, which can even trigger coronary heart attacks. Peritoneal dialysis, on the other hand, has the characteristics of being continuous and gentle, and cardiovascular function is maintained stable. 3. Peritoneal dialysis patients live more freely. Hemodialysis usually requires 2-3 half days per week for treatment in the hospital, and the fixed schedule limits the freedom of patients’ lives. Peritoneal dialysis, on the other hand, is operated by the patients themselves, and they only need to come to the hospital for a follow-up visit once a month or even longer, so they have more autonomy in their life and work arrangements. In addition, peritoneal dialysis patients are much less likely to be cross-infected with blood-borne infections (hepatitis B, C, HIV, etc.) than hemodialysis patients. Because of these advantages, and because complications such as peritoneal dialysis abdominal infections have been effectively controlled in recent years, peritoneal dialysis is recommended by many experts as the preferred part of the integrated treatment of uremia. Since peritoneal dialysis is mainly operated by the patients themselves, it places certain requirements on the patients’ “self-management”, which requires good cleanliness, good living habits, a certain degree of self-care and timely and effective communication with the physician. In addition, the effectiveness of peritoneal dialysis is much reduced in patients with significant peritoneal adhesions due to severe abdominal infections, major surgery, etc. If for some reason the peritoneal function decreases during the long treatment process, or if the patient is unable to continue peritoneal dialysis, he can also be switched to hemodialysis or kidney transplantation, depending on the situation.