With the accelerated aging of our population, the incidence of osteoarthritis, which is common in middle-aged and elderly people, is increasing year by year. The disability rate of this disease is 53%, which brings endless pain and heavy burden to patients, families and society. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease caused by a variety of factors that lead to fibrosis, cracking, ulceration, and loss of joint cartilage. The cause is not clear, and its occurrence is related to age, obesity, inflammation, trauma, and genetic factors. It occurs in the knee, hip, cervical spine, lumbar spine, ankle, hand and other joints with high load and high activity. The pathology of the disease is characterized by (1) degeneration and destruction of articular cartilage, (2) subchondral bone sclerosis or cystic changes, (3) osteophytes at the joint edges, (4) synovial hyperplasia, (5) joint capsule contracture, (6) ligamentous laxity or contracture, and (7) muscle atrophy and weakness. Clinical manifestations include joint pain, stiffness, enlargement, weakness, impaired movement and bone friction sounds. The treatment of osteoarthritis aims to reduce or eliminate pain, correct deformities, improve or restore joint function, and improve quality of life. The treatment principle is a combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment, and surgery if necessary. Flexion and extension of the joint in a non-weight-bearing position can help maintain maximum joint mobility; exercise of the muscles around the joint can improve joint stability. Especially in the elderly, quadriceps exercise is very important for the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis of the knee. Attention should be paid to rest and avoid prolonged running, jumping, squatting and frequent stair or mountain climbing to reduce wear and tear on joint cartilage. Aerobic exercise such as swimming, bicycling, walking on flat surfaces and a proper diet can help control weight and reduce the pressure on joint cartilage. Crutches add support and help reduce the weight on the affected joints, and also improve the patient’s balance. Wearing knee braces or orthopedic shoes can help balance the load on each joint surface, relieve pain in the affected limb and improve walking ability. Chinese herbal fumigation and physical therapy can increase local blood circulation, reduce inflammatory response and relieve muscle spasm around the joint. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs (NSAIDs drugs) are the most commonly used drugs to treat osteoarthritis. However, their use should be weighed against the patient’s risk of gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal and cardiovascular disease. Intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate have been shown to lubricate joints, protect joint cartilage, and inhibit inflammatory responses. Condition-improving drugs and chondroprotective agents can improve symptoms. Liver and kidney tonic herbs have the effect of slowing down the degeneration of joint cartilage. Patients with more severe persistent pain and significant joint mobility disorders, where non-surgical treatment is ineffective, may be considered for surgical treatment. Arthroscopic joint debridement in early stage patients has good results. In late stage when deformity or persistent pain occurs, artificial joint replacement is feasible.