Bronchial asthma, or asthma for short, is a chronic metabolic inflammatory disease of the airways dominated by infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, and other cells. It is clinically characterized by episodes of coughing with croupy whistling inspiratory difficulties lasting from a few minutes to several hours or longer. Currently, there are about 15 million patients suffering from asthma in China. Not only is the prevalence of asthma increasing, but also the clinical manifestations of asthma are becoming increasingly atypical, so it is easy to cause misdiagnosis and mistreatment. A domestic survey shows that the delayed diagnosis rate is as high as 42%. In order to improve the correct diagnosis rate of asthma, the common special types of asthma are listed as follows: 1. Cough variant asthma Cough variant asthma, also known as allergic cough, insidious asthma, with persistent cough as the main clinical symptoms, manifested as irritating dry cough, mostly at night and early morning cough, no fever, no obvious wheezing, no rales and wet rales in the lungs on physical examination, easily misdiagnosed as upper whistle infection It is easily misdiagnosed as upper whistle infection and acute and chronic bronchitis. Most of this type of asthma has obvious seasonality and a personal or family history of allergy. A bronchodilatation test or bronchial provocation test with albuterol inhalation can help confirm the diagnosis. The treatment is basically the same as that for allergic asthma. 2. Nocturnal asthma refers to asthma patients whose wheezing symptoms appear or worsen at night, which not only interferes with normal sleep, but also can cause hypoxemia and even death. Such patients not only have asthma attacks at night, but also have asthma symptoms or acute asthma attacks during the day, while they are more likely to occur around the time of menstruation, or in the case of sudden changes in climate temperature and humidity. Nocturnal asthma attacks often occur between midnight and early morning. Patients may start with a cough, followed by an asthma attack. Changing from a lying to a sitting position does not relieve asthma symptoms, which can only be relieved by the use of asthma calming medications. To prevent nocturnal asthma attacks, patients can take long-acting aminophylline or inhaled sodium cromoglycate orally before going to bed. At the same time, we should actively search for the relevant triggers and eliminate them. 3.Occupational asthma Occupational asthma refers to those whose asthma attacks or exacerbations are related to their occupations and belong to the category of occupational diseases. It is a reversible airway obstructive disease caused by exposure to occupational pathogenic substances, mainly characterized by cough, chest tightness and wheezing. It is characterized by no previous history of asthma, but develops soon after starting a new job or being exposed to a new material, and there are similar patients in other workers in the same environment; asthma attacks or worsens after exposure to the work environment, but does not attack or gradually decreases once the environment is removed. This type of asthma should be removed from occupational exposure, and the attack can be treated as general asthma. To prevent the occurrence of this disease, attention should be paid to improving the working environment, reducing harmful gases in the air, preventing asthma-causing substances from entering the body, and at the same time, personal protection should be strengthened. 4, intercourse asthma Intercourse asthma is asthma caused by men and women in the same room, the reasons may be: (1) the first intercourse, nervousness, excitement, can cause psychogenic asthma; (2) newlywed banquet drinking, tobacco and alcohol to stimulate the bronchial tubes, making them spasm, resulting in asthma; (3) women who are allergic, allergic to semen, condoms or vaginal diaphragm, will occur allergic asthma; (4) women with a history of asthma, during the orgasm The rapid heartbeat, rapid whistling and vascular spasm also tend to induce asthma attacks. Regardless of which factor causes asthma, intercourse should be terminated immediately and bronchodilators and anti-allergy medications should be used, both of which can calm asthma. Before the next intercourse, you should take appropriate preventive measures for different reasons. 5, sports asthma Sports asthma is asthma that may be triggered or exacerbated after strenuous exercise. The disease can be seen at any age, but the incidence is higher in male children. It is characterized by chest tightness, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing after strenuous exercise lasting more than 5 to 10 minutes, and croup can be heard. The symptoms mostly appear within 5-10 minutes after the cessation of exercise, but can also appear during exercise and last for about 0.5 to 1 hour to gradually resolve, and only a few severe cases can last for 2 to 3 hours. This type of asthma is related to the type of exercise, time, intensity and the climate at that time. Exercises shorter than 5 minutes, or light exercises such as walking and tai chi, usually do not induce asthma. In the cold and dry season, outdoor walking, climbing, running and playing ball are significantly more likely to trigger asthma than swimming, boating and cycling in summer. It is easy to prevent this type of asthma, avoid strenuous and prolonged exercise, or choose a variety of drugs such as ketotifen and sodium cromoglycate 15 minutes before exercise can be effectively prevented, and after the onset of asthma treatment with aminophylline, albuterol and other asthma medications are effective. 6, esophageal reflux asthma esophageal reflux asthma is due to esophageal reflux, acidic gastric contents into the esophagus, pharynx that will be accidentally inhaled into the airway. As long as a small amount of acidic material enters the trachea and bronchi, it will cause coughing, shortness of breath and suffocation. At the same time, the smooth muscle of bronchus will be stimulated to spasm and asthma will occur, and in serious cases, aspiration pneumonia can occur. Preventive and therapeutic measures include: (1) eat less sweets, fried foods and spices, and avoid alcohol, because the above-mentioned foods tend to cause heartburn and acid reflux; (2) do not eat within 4 hours before going to bed, wait for the stomach to empty and then rest in bed, and elevate the head of the bed 15 to 20 degrees (3) take antacids such as metformin, ranitidine or famotidine; (4) enhance the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter, use gastrofacial, morpholine, etc.; (5) avoid smooth muscle relaxants such as atropine, dopamine, aminophylline, progesterone, etc.; (6) do not drink coffee, do not smoke; (7) if the medical treatment does not improve, fundoplication can be done to control reflux. 7.Drug asthma There are more than 100 kinds of drugs that can cause asthma, the most common of which are aspirin, sulfonamides, antibiotics, iodine preparations, beta-blockers, various protein preparations and anesthetics. These drugs can aggravate asthma symptoms and even endanger life. Therefore, for asthma patients with aggravated symptoms after the use of drugs, or non-asthmatic patients with asthma attacks after the use of drugs, should be regarded as drug-induced, should be immediately discontinued or replaced by other drugs, and at the same time should be given to calm asthma medication. 8, cardiogenic asthma In fact, it does not belong to the category of bronchial asthma, but is named because its performance is similar to that of asthma during an attack, and should be distinguished from real asthma. This disease is characterized by a history of heart disease such as hypertension, coronary heart disease or wind heart disease, and attacks often occur at night after sleep or exertion. Any adult who has asthma with the above characteristics for the first time should go to the hospital for a comprehensive examination.