1. Thalassemia is a hereditary chronic hemolytic anemia caused by one or more kinds of bead protein peptide chain synthesis disorders caused by bead protein gene defects (mutations, deletions). 2. Thalassemia is one of the most common single-gene genetic diseases in clinical practice. According to the different peptide chain synthesis disorders, thalassemia is generally classified as β-thalassemia, α-thalassemia, δ-β-thalassemia, and δ-thalassemia, with β-thalassemia and α-thalassemia being the most common. The most common types of anemia are β-, α-, δβ-, and δ-, with β- and α- being the most common. 3. Patients with severe forms of anemia may require lifelong blood transfusions and iron-driven treatments. 4. Marriage between patients with severe forms of anemia should be avoided, and if they do marry, timely interventions should be taken to prevent the birth of children with moderate-to-severe forms of the disease and to reduce birth defects.