Neonatal pulmonary hyaline membrane disease, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), is a disease caused by a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant and is characterized by progressively worsening respiratory distress that occurs shortly after birth. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a disease caused by the lack of lung surface active substance and is mainly seen in preterm and elective cesarean section infants. NRDS is characterized by respiratory distress that occurs shortly after birth (usually within 6 hours) and is characterized by shortness of breath, cyanosis, expiratory groaning, nasal fanning, and inspiratory trismus, which is progressively aggravated, and may be accompanied by shallow respiration, apnea, and flaccidity of the limbs in severe cases. The disease is most severe at 24 to 48 hours after birth, and the morbidity and mortality rate is also higher, so the appropriate treatment should be carried out in time, with mechanical ventilation and lung surface active substance replacement therapy, coupled with critical care technology, to be increased by the child’s own production of lung surface active substance, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome can generally be recovered. After the diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is confirmed, the appropriate treatment should be carried out immediately according to the doctor’s instructions to save the child’s life.