Lung cancer is a primary malignant tumor of the lung, also called bronchial lung cancer, which brings great harm to patients and friends. So, do you know what are the diagnosis methods of lung cancer? Here is a detailed introduction for you.
Hemoptysis in lung cancer patients is usually less in quantity, usually blood sputum, which can last for weeks, months or intermittent episodes; chest pain in lung cancer patients is also a common symptom, especially in peripheral lung cancer, chest pain can be the first symptom. The chest pain of lung cancer is often fixed at the lesion site, and in the early stage, it is mostly intermittent and vague, which can be aggravated with position change, deep inspiration and coughing. The above symptoms are important factors for diagnosis of lung cancer, but symptoms alone cannot confirm the diagnosis, and further examination should be actively conducted when symptoms appear, specifically the following main examination methods.
1.Sputum cytology examination of lung cancer
Most primary lung cancer patients can find shed cancer cells in sputum night. Sputum cytology examination of lung cancer is simple, easy and widely applicable. At present, sputum examination has become an important way for lung cancer screening and diagnosis, and is also the gold standard for lung cancer diagnosis. However, the positive rate of sputum cytology examination for central type lung cancer can reach 70-90%, while the positive rate of sputum examination for peripheral type lung cancer is only about 50%, so the possibility of lung cancer cannot be excluded for negative sputum cytology examination.
2.X-ray examination of lung cancer
X-ray examination is one of the most common methods to diagnose lung cancer. The location and size of lung cancer can be understood through X-ray examination. In early stage lung cancer cases, although the mass is not yet visible on X-ray, local emphysema, pulmonary atelectasis or infiltrative lesions or inflammation of the lung adjacent to the lesion due to bronchial obstruction may be seen.
3.Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy is a common method to diagnose lung cancer. Through bronchoscopy, the pathological changes of bronchial lining and lumen can be directly observed, and the site and scope of tumor can be observed, and tissues can be obtained for pathological examination, and bronchial secretions can be aspirated for cytological examination to make a clear diagnosis and determine the histological type.
4.CT examination of lung cancer
CT examination is superior to conventional X-ray examination to a large extent.
5.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
The contrast and resolution of MRI are better than CT, and it is easier to identify and clarify the relationship between the substantial mass and blood vessels.
Vitiligo is a limited or generalized pigment loss skin disease, caused by the loss of function of the tyrosinase system in the melanocytes of the skin and hair follicles. The prevalence of vitiligo in our population is 0.1%-2%, the incidence of men and women is roughly equal, vitiligo is mostly acquired, any age can develop, to 10-30 years old age is the majority. It can occur in any part of the body, but the exposed and friction damage parts are more common, mucous membrane can also be involved. The actual fact that vitiligo is a good deal more common in the face, seriously affects the beauty, easy to give patients a huge mental pressure and heavy burden of thought. Wang Le, Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
The cause of vitiligo]
The cause of vitiligo is still unclear, there are four main theories: autoimmune theory, neuropsychiatric theory, melanocyte self-destruction theory and genetic factors. The majority of scholars believe that the onset of vitiligo patients are related to autoimmunity.
The clinical manifestations of vitiligo]
1, can be seen in any age, male and female no difference, about 50% of patients in 20 years old before the onset.
The actual fact is that you can find a lot of people who are not able to get a good deal on a lot of things.
3. The initial appearance is one or several hypopigmented spots with unclear boundaries, which gradually expand to become clear-cut pigment loss spots. There is no atrophy or desquamation in the affected area, and the hair can lose pigment and turn white completely.
4.The disease is repeatedly delayed, sometimes it can improve or fade by itself, and some patients can have long term localization in some parts.
5, some patients have obvious seasonal aggravation, generally rapid development of the disease in late spring and early summer, winter slow.
The majority of patients have no conscious symptoms, mainly affecting the aesthetics, bringing mental stress to patients.
The type of vitiligo]
Limited type (segmental type, mucous membrane type)
Pancystic type (common type, facial extremity type, mixed type)
Whole body type
Staging of Vitiligo
The most important thing is that the skin is still developing and expanding, and the isomorphic reaction can be positive.
The most important thing is that it is a good idea to have a good understanding of the situation.
The treatment of vitiligo]
The disease is more difficult to treat, it is advisable to treat early and use comprehensive therapy, the course of treatment for at least 3 months. Methods include.
I. Internal treatment
1, phototherapy and photochemotherapy.
2, glucocorticoids.
3, immunomodulatory therapy.
4, autologous melanocyte transplantation.
5.Chinese medicine treatment.
Second, surgical treatment
Autologous epidermal transplantation: Applicable to patients with limited and segmental type of quiescent stage. The skin lesions stop expanding and the disease is stable for more than six months. It is a more ideal method to restore the normal color of the skin lesions.
Our department adopts autologous epidermal transplantation for the treatment of vitiligo lesions in the stationary phase. The postoperative recovery is good and the results are satisfactory, especially for patients whose lesions are located in exposed areas such as the face, so that they can regain confidence.