Indications for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, generally including the following five: 1. Stone size and location: stones > 2 cm or stones located in the calyces or renal diverticulum, which are more difficult to handle by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; 2. Stone composition: stones with hard texture, CT shows > 1000 Hz, such as cystine kidney stones, in addition to softer texture, such as stromal stones, uric acid stones, urinary fecal stones, are suitable to choose this procedure; 3, Anatomical structure: patients with congenital duplicated kidney, ectopic kidney, fused kidney, horseshoe kidney; 4. Patient factors: patients with fat body type or with a history of kidney stone surgery and the presence of skeletal deformities; 5. Isolated kidney: patients with both functional and anatomical isolated kidney.