Etiology Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic tubulo-interstitial lesions (chronic pyelonephritis, obstructive nephropathy), polycystic kidney, renal damage from metabolic diseases (gouty nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy), renal damage from systemic or connective tissue diseases (lupus nephritis, scleroderma), rare diseases such as hereditary kidney disease (Liddle syndrome), renal tumors (reninoma), etc. Diagnosis History of substantial renal disease, anemic appearance, masses in the renal area, etc., fundus examination. Blood and urine routine, blood electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), creatinine, uric acid, blood glucose, lipids. 24h urine protein quantification or urine albumin/creatinine ratio, 12h urine sedimentation examination, if proteinuria, hematuria and increased urine leukocytes are found, further mid-stage urine bacterial culture, urine protein electrophoresis, urine phase contrast microscopy will be performed to clarify the source of urine protein and red blood cells and exclude infection. Proteinuria, hematuria and renal function abnormalities mostly occur before or simultaneously with hypertension. Renal ultrasound, renal CT/MRI, renal aspiration and pathological examination are feasible in hospitals with conditions. Treatment Low salt diet (<6g per day); high proteinuria and renal insufficiency, intake of high biogenic protein and limit to O.3 to O.6g/kg/d; effective treatment of primary disease. Patients with blood pressure control below 138/8O mm Hg and proteinuria should prefer ACEI or ARB as antihypertensive drugs, long-acting CCB, diuretics, β-blockers, α-blockers can be used as combination therapy drugs, and tab diuretics should be used if the glomerular filtration rate is <3Oml/min or if there is massive proteinuria.