Breast cancer is one of the malignant tumors that seriously endanger women’s health. In recent years, the incidence of breast cancer has increased significantly, and immediate breast reconstruction after radical breast cancer surgery has been more and more widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, which not only significantly improves the quality of life of patients, but also becomes an important part of comprehensive breast cancer treatment. Timing of Breast Reconstruction Depending on the timing of breast reconstruction, it can be divided into immediate breast reconstruction and delayed breast reconstruction. Immediate breast reconstruction, or stage I breast reconstruction, refers to the reconstruction and repair of the breast at the same time as mastectomy. Compared with delayed breast reconstruction (second-stage breast reconstruction), immediate breast reconstruction has significant advantages: after immediate breast reconstruction, patients do not have the shock of missing breasts and can live without obvious physical deformities, thus reducing the incidence of psychological disorders; immediate reconstruction is significantly better than delayed reconstruction in terms of body image, anxiety, mental depression, self-esteem and self-respect, sensuality and satisfaction, etc.; because Immediate breast reconstruction is significantly better than delayed breast reconstruction because the tissue left after mastectomy is not affected by scarring and important structures that determine the shape of the breast, such as the inframammary fold, are preserved; the two procedures, mastectomy and reconstruction, are completed at the same time, which saves time and lowers the total cost. The recurrence rate is not higher than that of similar patients who did not undergo immediate breast reconstruction, indicating that immediate breast reconstruction does not increase the local recurrence rate of breast cancer, nor does it affect the observation of local recurrence of breast cancer, nor does it affect the treatment of breast cancer. Relationship between immediate breast reconstruction and radiotherapy There is no significant increase in the occurrence of surgical complications after immediate breast reconstruction compared to mastectomy alone, and the timing of chemotherapy initiation is not affected. However, it is controversial whether to perform immediate breast reconstruction in patients who require radiotherapy after radical surgery. The application of a 50 Gy dose of radiotherapy was well tolerated in breast reconstructions with autologous tissue. The adverse effects of radiotherapy are mainly acute, including local skin erythema and exfoliation, without significant flap necrosis or flap reconstruction failure, and no cases of stopping radiotherapy due to acute adverse effects have been reported. Immediate breast reconstruction methods 1. Immediate breast reconstruction with implantation is limited to patients with small breast size, good local soft tissue coverage, young and unwilling to sacrifice autologous tissue from other parts of the body. The advantage is that it is simple to operate. However, breast reconstruction with implants should be done with caution for patients who need radiotherapy. 2, autologous tissue instant breast reconstruction Autologous tissue reconstruction is the transfer or free transplantation of skin, fat and muscle tissue from one part of the body to the defective part of the breast to reconstruct a new breast. Compared with implants, autologous breast reconstruction has a natural shape, good feel, good mobility and compliance, and is comfortable and long-lasting, does not cause fibrosis due to allogeneic tissues, is better able to receive adjuvant treatment, and is more tolerant to trauma and infection. Autologous tissue breast reconstruction is mainly from the abdomen and back, and the following methods are commonly used. The latissimus dorsi muscle flap The latissimus dorsi muscle flap is a muscle flap or muscle flap that is transferred to the chest with the blood vessels of the thoracic dorsum as the tissues for breast reconstruction. Due to its limited amount of tissue, it is often used in combination with an implant. The advantage is that the flap design is flexible and can repair subclavian depressions and anterior axillary crease deformities, especially when combined with breast reconstruction implants, allowing for more precise restoration of breast volume and shape. In addition, the donor area scar is inconspicuous and no significant postoperative dysfunction is an advantage of this procedure. The small size of the flap is the main deficiency that affects the independence of the latissimus dorsi muscle flap as an autologous tissue breast reconstruction. The submental arteriovenous perforator flap is a further refinement of the free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. Patients undergoing DIEP breast reconstruction have shorter hospital stays, less abdominal wall pain, and faster recovery. The greatest advantage is the preservation of the integrity of the rectus abdominis muscle and its anterior sheath, which avoids postoperative abdominal wall weakness and abdominal hernias, resulting in a rapid postoperative recovery and good long-term results. Immediate breast reconstruction after skin-preserving mastectomy Skin-preserving mastectomy involves excision of the breast gland, nipple areola and biopsy scar, while preserving most of the breast skin and inframammary fold. Studies have shown that SSM combined with immediate breast reconstruction is safe, especially for patients with early stage breast cancer. To further improve the cosmetic results of immediate reconstruction, mastectomy with preservation of the nipple-areola complex may also be performed.