Diabetes mellitus is a genetically determined chronic metabolic disease of the whole body. It is caused by the relative or absolute deficiency of insulin in the body, resulting in disorders of sugar, fat and protein metabolism. According to the World Health Organization, there are currently more than 130 million people suffering from diabetes, and diabetes has become the number three killer in the world, second only to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Diabetes has a long course, and if it is not treated or mistreated, chronic complications in the blood vessels, kidneys, retina and nervous system are likely to occur. The common complications of diabetes are: 1. Diabetic nephropathy: Diabetic nephropathy is the most common complication of diabetes and one of the main causes of death in diabetic patients. Among Japanese patients with end-stage renal failure, diabetic nephropathy accounts for 16%. Damage to kidney function prevents the kidneys from retaining proteins useful to the body and from excreting waste products that cause swelling (evident in the lower limbs and face), which can easily develop into uremia. So how to detect and diagnose early diabetic nephropathy in time? The characteristic changes of early diabetic nephropathy are: increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hypertrophy of kidney units, increased kidney volume and the appearance of microproteinuria. Because patients at this stage lack clinical symptoms and signs of glomerulopathy, diabetic patients often fail to go to the hospital for examination in time, thus delaying the diagnosis and treatment of early diabetic nephropathy. However, as long as diabetic patients pay attention to this problem, they can exclude or diagnose early diabetic nephropathy by urine microprotein test. And should be early prevention of diabetic nephropathy, including blood sugar control, quit smoking, reduce blood viscosity, etc. 2, diabetic cardiovascular pathology: due to the abnormal function of the protein that removes fat from the blood in diabetic patients, excess fat accumulates in the arteries, making them susceptible to atherosclerotic heart disease and some other complications, such as hypertension, coronary arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and even sudden death. Exercise, taking vitamin E, horsetail and pumpkin can prevent diabetic cardiovascular disease to some extent. 3, diabetic retinopathy: retinal vascular disease of the eye leads to bleeding in the fundus, vision loss, causing cataracts, glaucoma, and in severe cases, blindness. The main lesion of this disease is the increased brittleness of the blood vessels in the fundus, which is prone to hemorrhage, and once this occurs it leads to blurred vision and permanent scarring of the fundus (retina). Of particular note is that diabetic retinopathy often precedes other complications and is often detected later than other complications, making it quite challenging to treat clinically. The most effective way to prevent diabetic retinopathy is to control diabetes and maintain blood glucose at normal levels. Patients should routinely undergo annual eye examinations within 5 years after the diagnosis of diabetes, so that retinopathy can be detected early and given early treatment to preserve vision. 4. Diabetic cerebrovascular lesions: diabetic blood is often in a hypercoagulable state, with high blood viscosity and altered platelet function, which are all factors prone to the formation of cerebral thrombosis. When diabetic patients have intellectual, mental and speech disorders, it is necessary to promptly and repeatedly measure urine sugar, blood sugar, and make brain CT or magnetic resonance examination early for early diagnosis, and promptly apply hypoglycemic drugs and hypolipidemic drugs to control blood sugar and lower blood lipids, so that blood viscosity can be reduced and blood flow can be accelerated to improve blood supply and oxygen supply to brain tissues. These measures are of great importance to prevent the occurrence and development of cerebral infarction. 5, diabetic skin lesions: diabetic patients have more skin lesions, accounting for 30%-80% of diabetic patients, mainly including: skin infection, skin itching, diabetic sclerosing edema, hyperpigmentation, diabetic maculopathy, diabetic rash, etc.. It has the characteristics of easy to occur, easy to recur, and difficult to cure. 6, diabetic neuropathy: diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes, clinical manifestations of numbness in the limbs, abnormal sensation, some for one side of the hands and feet numbness, fingers, toes cool and cold, burning-like, pinprick-like or electric shock-like pain, aggravated at night, affecting sleep and quality of life. 7, other: such as diabetic gangrene, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemic coma, etc. Diabetes itself is not terrible, what is terrible is the complications of diabetes, which should be paid enough attention to reduce the pain, improve the quality of life, prolong the survival and save medical expenses are crucial.