Gonorrhea, also known as “white fever”, is a purulent genitourinary infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (referred to as gonococcus), which is a gram-negative diplococcus that lives in human cells and does not easily survive outside the body. Gonorrhea mostly occurs in sexually active young men and women. Gonorrhea can be transmitted vaginally, anally, orally, or from mother to child during the perinatal period. Of these, perinatal infection first manifests as conjunctivitis in newborns. In men, it can lead to anterior urethritis, usually with obvious symptoms of difficulty urinating and abnormal penile discharge, and repeated or untreated infections can lead to urethral stricture. About 50% of women with gonorrhea infection are asymptomatic, while those with symptoms present with difficulty urinating, increased vaginal discharge, intermenstrual vaginal bleeding, and swollen labia. Upstream infection with the pathogen can also lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, with chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Severe cases of PID may also present with Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, which is characterized by chronic inflammation of the perihepatic peritoneum leading to right upper abdominal pain, and laparoscopic visualization of filamentous adhesions around the liver in such cases, described as the “string sign” because of its resemblance to the strings of a violin. Neonatal gonococcal infections occur during vaginal delivery and usually present as septic conjunctivitis. The incidence of these infections and their complications (e.g., corneal erosion, corneal perforation, and blindness) has decreased significantly with the widespread routine use of silver nitrate or antibiotic (e.g., erythromycin) eye drops in newborns. Due to the discovery that silver nitrate can cause chemical conjunctivitis, most hospitals today use antibiotic eye drops for prophylaxis in newborns. Gonococci can be disseminated systemically, with hematogenous transmission occurring three times more frequently in women than in men, and other susceptible groups include those with HIV infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, complement deficiencies, or pregnant or menstruating women. Patients present with systemic involvement of multiple organs, which can lead to septic arthritis, dermatitis, endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis and infectious shock.