Bile duct occupying lesions, also known as bile duct tumors, can be both benign and malignant. However, the incidence of benign tumors is small and very rare, accounting for approximately 0.1% of all biliary surgery cases. Common benign biliary tumors are mainly papillomas, followed by fibroids, lipomas, malignant tumors, adenomas, and smooth muscle tumors. Malignant tumors of the biliary tract are more common in clinical practice, and the most common one is bile duct cancer, among which upper bile duct cancer is the most common. Morphologically, they include papillary, nodular, and diffuse carcinomas; histologically, most of them are adenocarcinomas, among which highly differentiated adenocarcinomas are the most common, and other rare ones may be carcinoid tumors. Both benign occupying bile duct lesions and malignant tumors may cause bile duct obstruction and clinical manifestations such as biliary infection and jaundice, which require timely management. However, for cholangiocarcinoma, surgery for benign bile duct occupancy can achieve complete radical treatment with very good prognosis.