Fistulas between the airway and esophagus can be congenital or acquired and can be classified as tracheo-esophageal or broncho-esophageal fistulas. Although congenital anomalies are usually detected in the newborn, the former type may not be definitively diagnosed until adolescence or even adulthood. The etiology of fistulas between the airway and esophagus is unknown. Genetic, environmental and other factors have been associated with it. However, there are no animal models for study so far, and several family cases have been reported in the literature. In Beijing Children’s Hospital, there were two brothers who suffered from type I and III esophageal atresia more than a year apart. The rate of twin births in this disease is higher than the usual 2.5% of aborted children. Beijing Children’s Hospital has counted 6 out of 169 cases (3.5%) as one of the twin births. The following are also the causes of fistula between the airway and esophagus: 1. Other malignant tumors of the esophagus The most common malignant tumor of the esophagus is squamous epithelial cell carcinoma, i.e. esophageal cancer, which accounts for more than 95% of all cases, and less than 5% of other malignant tumors, which are clinically rare and of many types, generally including four types of tumors of epithelial origin, mesenchymal origin, lymphatic origin and metastases. Diffuse esophageal wall diverticulum Diffuse esophageal wall diverticulum is a very rare benign lesion, which was first described by Mendl et al. (1960). The disease is characterized by multiple, diffusely distributed ectopic sacs of 1 to 3 mm in size in the esophageal wall, which are accompanied by esophageal inflammation, fibrosis, and wall thickening. 3, pharyngeal esophageal diverticulum The mucosal layer or the whole layer of the esophageal wall protrudes outward from the lumen of the esophagus, forming a sac-like protrusion with the esophageal lumen, called esophageal diverticulum. Most esophageal diverticula are acquired diseases, commonly found in adults. There are also congenital esophageal diverticulum formation. 4, traumatic esophageal perforation (perforation of esophagus) is one of the most serious gastrointestinal emergencies, with a reported mortality rate of 10%-46%. The prognosis depends on the cause, the site of injury, the underlying esophageal pathology and the time to start treatment after the injury. Early diagnosis and treatment depend on a high degree of vigilance and a correct judgment of the corresponding clinical manifestations of the disease. 5, instrumental esophageal injury Instrumental esophageal injury refers to the medical source of esophageal injury, instrumental esophageal injury perforation in the clinical account for a large proportion of esophageal perforation.