In recent years, perinatal medicine and critical neonatal care techniques have made great strides in China, and the survival rate of high-risk neonates (e.g., very low birth weight infants) has increased dramatically. Because high-risk neonates are at risk for abnormal neurodevelopmental processes and outcomes, proper neurodevelopmental assessment in the follow-up of high-risk neonates is critical. This requires that pediatricians involved in follow-up have a thorough understanding of the purpose of the assessment, the assessment methods and their selection, and the interpretation of the assessment results. In general, the purposes of follow-up assessment of high-risk newborns are mainly as follows: 1. Detection of high-risk newborns: neurodevelopmental assessment can help improve the efficiency of medical resources by detecting early manifestations of brain injury in high-risk newborns and providing them with focused follow-up. Meanwhile, neurophysiological examinations (visual and auditory evoked potentials and EEG) and neuroimaging examinations (cranial ultrasound, CT & MRI) are also important clues to detect brain injury. 2.Diagnosis or prediction of neurodevelopmental disorders: Developmental monitoring is performed for at-risk children to make timely diagnosis or prediction of neurodevelopmental disorders as possible, including mental retardation, motor developmental disorders or cerebral palsy, speech delay, developmental dysarthria, social disorders, visual and auditory disorders, etc. Necessary etiological examinations and timely referral to intervention and rehabilitation institutions are performed. 3. Assessment of the efficacy of interventions: For infants whose developmental assessment suggests significant lag, developmental interventions such as motor training, visual and perceptual training, and communication skills training need to be provided in a timely manner after the presence of progressive diseases such as genetic metabolism is clarified. The effect of training can be monitored by developmental assessment. 4. Assessment of developmental prognosis: Assessment of developmental outcome in at-risk children is usually performed at 2 to 3 years of age and around school age. Developmental assessments performed at 2 to 3 years of age are still not reliable predictors of mental development (e.g., intelligence and language). Internationally, research on the long-term prognosis of high-risk infants before and after school age is gaining attention and is used to assess the value of various treatment measures and care techniques in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), especially for improving the long-term prognosis of the child.