Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis needing surgery are considered to be caused by ineffective treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs, complication of other diseases, inability to exclude the possibility of lung cancer, destruction of the lungs, repeated hemoptysis and other reasons. 1. Ineffective treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs: for patients with open cavitary tuberculosis, if the use of anti-tuberculosis drugs is ineffective for 9~12 months, and the examination shows that the lesions do not shrink while sputum is positive, surgery is recommended. In addition, those who have bulbous lesions or large caseous lesions, and whose regular anti-tuberculosis drugs have been ineffective for more than half a year, and whose lesions are larger than three centimeters in diameter, are also required to undergo surgery. 2. Complicated with other diseases: patients with tuberculosis may consider surgery when complicated with bronchial stenosis or dilatation. 3. Unable to exclude the possibility of lung cancer: tuberculosis patients who have tuberculosis foci that cannot exclude the possibility of lung cancer also need to be treated by surgery. 4. Destroyed lungs: Some TB patients may have a major loss of lung function due to old TB foci, so they also need to be treated by lobectomy. 5. Recurrent hemoptysis: massive hemoptysis can be life-threatening, so surgery may become an emergency measure to save the patient’s life. Patients with tuberculosis should actively cooperate with their doctors and adopt the appropriate treatment plan according to their condition.