The main procedures for percutaneous nephrolithotomy are anesthesia, positioning, puncture, lithotripsy, and placement of a fistula. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy requires anesthesia first. Then, the patient is placed in a position where he/she is lying on his/her back for the procedure. Secondly, guided by ultrasound or X-ray, the renal pelvis is first punctured with a needle. After confirming that the position is correct, the puncture needle sheath and guide wire are then placed. After withdrawing the needle sheath, a dilator is used to gradually expand along the guidewire. The dilator is then withdrawn and the operating sheath is placed into the renal pelvis, followed by insertion of the nephroscope, irrigation and rinsing followed by lithotripsy and stone extraction treatment, and finally placement of the fistula. This type of surgery is suitable for the treatment of kidney stones over 2cm in length, upper ureteral and renal pelvis foreign bodies. Patients who are not feeling well should consult the doctor for examination and early treatment.