Although there are more similarities between tuberculosis and lung cancer and misdiagnosis is generally less common, it is possible to misdiagnose the disease with imperfect examination programs. First of all, both tuberculosis and lung cancer present with symptoms of cough, sputum and hemoptysis; secondly, there are many similarities in patients’ physical signs and imaging manifestations, which may lead to the misdiagnosis of tuberculosis as lung cancer. However, there is a very big difference between the two pathological examination results, and after the pathological examination, it can be clearly diagnosed as tuberculosis and lung cancer. Since it cannot be ruled out that patients with tuberculosis are combined with lung cancer, it is recommended that patients actively cooperate with doctors to improve the relevant examinations, clarify the diagnosis and take targeted treatment measures.