Lumbar spinal instability surgery is relatively risky among orthopedic surgeries, but the surgery itself is very mature and the probability of surgical risk is very low, depending on the condition, duration of the disease and medical level. The purpose of lumbar spine instability surgery is to restore the stability of the spine and relieve the compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots, and the main surgical methods are unilateral elastic pinning and rod fixation, fusion of the vertebral body for internal fixation, etc. During the surgery, the spinal canal may be damaged. The operation may irritate the nerve tissue in the spinal canal, but the probability of causing medical injury is small. In addition, the vast majority of lumbar spine instability surgeries require general anesthesia, and there are risks associated with anesthesia in the conventional sense. When lumbar spinal instability is identified, surgery is the fundamental treatment, and it is recommended to choose a regular hospital for consultation. Adequate assessment of the condition, preoperative preparation and postoperative care are important means to reduce the risk of surgery.