1.What is circumcision and prepuce? Circumcision is a condition where the foreskin covers the urethral opening and can be turned up to above the coronal groove to reveal the urethral opening and the head of the penis. Circumcision refers to a state in which the foreskin cannot be turned up to above the coronal groove, so that the head of the penis cannot be fully exposed. 2.What are the hazards of long foreskin and prepuce? (1) The accumulation of foreskin scale increases the chances of local bacterial infection and even the formation of foreskin stones. (2) infection: foreskin scale secondary to bacterial infection can cause glansitis of the foreskin, resulting in redness and swelling of the foreskin mouth, and in serious cases can cause systemic poisoning symptoms. Adult men can also cause urogenital tract infections in women after bacteria are brought into the vagina through sexual intercourse. (3) abnormal urination: especially in patients with circumcision, due to the narrow foreskin mouth, the foreskin cavity can be inflated like a “balloon” due to the accumulation of urine. (4) Cancer: Circumcision and inflammation long-term chronic stimulation, may induce penile cancer and female cervical cancer. (5) Sexual dysfunction: When the foreskin is too long, the glans mucosa usually receives less stimulation, making the nerves of the glans mucosa too sensitive, and the glans and vagina rub together during sex, causing premature ejaculation and preventing men from having a normal sex life. And prepuce can cause painful erection or painful intercourse, which makes men’s libido diminish and causes disharmony in sexual life between husband and wife. (6) Affect the development of the penis, resulting in the phenomenon of male penis short. (7) foreskin nesting: for patients with prepuce, after the foreskin is turned up to the coronal groove, the narrowed foreskin mouth is nestled in the coronal groove, and if the nesting foreskin is not reset in time, it will cause local infection and ischemic necrosis. 3.How to treat circumcision and prepuce? Simple prepuce, as long as the foreskin is often turned up and cleaned, surgery can be unnecessary, but prepuce combined with the following conditions recommended surgery: ① visible more obvious narrow ring, easy to cause foreskin embedded; ② recurrent episodes of prepuce inflammation, penile headitis; ③ chronic inflammatory thickening of the foreskin, affecting sexual intercourse or the tendency of foreskin embedded. Treatment of prepuce: (1) medication: use steroid cream/cream to relieve the narrowing of the foreskin mouth, make the narrowed foreskin soft and elastic, and reduce the degree of prepuce; (2) foreskin mouth expansion; (3) manual flip or reset, but do not forcibly flip the foreskin to avoid injury and foreskin imbedding. (4) Circumcision treatment. For children with physiological prepuce less than 2 years old, if there are no symptoms, can be observed, with the growth of age, physiological prepuce has the possibility of self-healing, if more than 5 years old after still prepuce, need to consider surgery; recurrent glans penis, even urinary tract infection, regardless of the age need to be operated as soon as possible; occurred in the foreskin embedded should be operated as soon as possible. 4.What are the surgical methods of circumcision? There are three main surgical methods that are commonly used in clinical practice: traditional circumcision, disposable foreskin anastomosis circumcision and circumcision ring ligation. (1) Traditional circumcision: surgical removal of the foreskin, and then sutured with silk or absorbable thread, the advantage of which is that the wound heals quickly, the disadvantage is that the surgeon is more demanding, and the operation takes longer, usually about 30 minutes to complete. (2) Disposable foreskin anastomosis circumcision: using a disposable foreskin anastomosis for surgery, the advantage is that the operation time is short, about 10 minutes, less intraoperative bleeding. The disadvantage is that the price is relatively expensive. (3) Circumcision: circumcision ring ligature is used to make the foreskin ischemic and fall off, and then slowly heal. The advantage is that the operation time is short, about 10 minutes, and there is little bleeding during the operation. The disadvantage is that the ring needs to be removed after surgery, and the incision heals relatively slowly. 5.How to take care of circumcision after surgery? (1) Dress in loose pants after surgery, avoid strenuous exercise, reduce the pain of wound friction, and keep the perineum dry. (2) Avoid showering for 1 week after surgery, and after 1 week showering, use dilute complex iodine to soak the wound and blow dry. (3) Sometimes the glans and foreskin will be covered with a layer of yellow secretion for a few days after surgery, which is a normal phenomenon. If the discharge is more, you can wipe it with a wet cotton swab. (4) Postoperative edema will subside on its own, often taking 1-4 weeks, and generally does not require special treatment. (5) The use of anti-inflammatory drugs after surgery can reduce postoperative infection and pain. (6) Erection after circumcision will lead to pain and bleeding of the incision. After surgery, try to avoid sexual stimulation and do not touch yellow books, pictures or videos, etc. Young men tend to have nocturnal erections. They can take oral sedative-hypnotic drugs or use small doses of estrogen to avoid erections under the guidance of the doctor. Intercourse is prohibited for 1 month after surgery.