Sciatica and low back pain were recognized in the 18th century, when the existence of intervertebral disc tissue was anatomically understood but it was not realized that the symptoms of low back pain were caused by herniated discs. It was later believed that the root cause of sciatica lay in lesions within the lumbar spinal canal, and that the symptoms of sciatica would be reduced or disappear after the herniated disc was removed as an intravertebral tumor. It was not until 1932 that a young American physician, Dr. Barr, found cartilage cells in the pathological section of a case of “intravertebral tumor” and further observed that most of the other “intravertebral tumors” were not tumors but protruding lumbar discs. This led to the conclusion that lumbar disc herniation is the main cause of low back pain and sciatica. Professor Fang Xianzhi, the late director of the orthopedic department of Tianjin Hospital and one of the founders of orthopedic surgery in China, started the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation in 1946 and introduced the disease in a similar way. Lumbar disc herniation is one of the common clinical lumbar disorders, with an incidence of about 15.2% in the population. Its onset is mainly due to degenerative changes of various parts of the lumbar intervertebral disc, especially the nucleus pulposus to varying degrees. Under the action of various external forces, the fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc ruptures and the nucleus pulposus tissue protrudes from the rupture, causing the adjacent nerve roots, spinal cord, etc. to suffer from stimulation or compression, resulting in symptoms such as lumbago, pain and numbness in one or both lower limbs. The occurrence of lumbar keyboard herniation can be attributed to the joint action of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factor is the degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral disc, and the extrinsic factor is mainly trauma and strain, etc. The main pathological changes are the rupture of the fibrous ring and the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, resulting in chemical irritation and physical compression. Lumbar disc herniation can be divided into: 1. bulging: the nucleus pulposus does not break through the fibrous ring, and the fibrous ring as a whole is displaced and compresses the adjacent tissue. This type is the lightest and most easily recovered. 2.Protrusion: the nucleus pulposus breaks through the fibrous ring, stimulates and compresses the surrounding tissues, and does not protrude into the spinal canal. This type is the most common and can be recovered by conservative treatment in general. 3.Prolapse: The herniated nucleus pulposus enters the spinal canal. This type is less common, and conservative treatment is difficult. In case conservative treatment is ineffective, early surgery is recommended. According to the direction of the herniated nucleus pulposus can be divided into: 1, unilateral type: unilateral lower limb symptoms, this type is the most common. 2. Bilateral type: It produces bilateral lower extremity symptoms. 3. Central type: It can compress the cauda equina nerve, and symptoms such as perineal paralysis and urinary and fecal disorders can occur. A series of changes such as straightening of the physiological curvature of the lumbar spine, retroversion, scoliosis, narrowing of the intervertebral space, osteophytes at the vertebral body edges, and spinal stenosis can occur secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Due to the disruption of the physiological balance of the lumbar spine, it can also cause damage to the soft tissues around the lumbar area, such as interspinous ligament injury, gluteal epicutaneous nerve injury, pear-shaped muscle syndrome, sacroiliac joint injury and other lesions, causing many patients to have recurrent attacks and persistent treatment, which brings great pain to patients.