Cardiac surgery refers to surgery performed by surgeons on the heart, aorta or blood vessels. It usually includes heart transplantation (heart replacement), congenital heart disease surgery, valve disease surgery, coronary heart disease surgery, and large vessel surgery. to treat ischemic heart disease (coronary artery bypass surgery may be used), correct congenital heart disease, and treat heart valve lesions due to diseases such as endocarditis. Diseases treated by cardiac surgery can be divided into congenital heart disease, valvular and coronary heart disease, and macrovascular disease depending on the cause. Congenital heart diseases include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and patent ductus arteriosus; valve diseases include mitral stenosis, mitral valve insufficiency, aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, and pulmonary valve stenosis. Coronary artery disease with severe stenotic lesions in multiple coronary arteries can undergo heart bypass surgery. Large vessel diseases include thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic coarctation, etc. There are also pericardial diseases such as chronic constrictive pericarditis and cardiac tumors such as cardiac mucinous tumors that can be treated surgically through cardiac surgery. Most of the traditional cardiac surgeries are based on median incision, which requires sawing through the sternum and causes greater trauma to the patient. Due to the destruction of the integrity of the sternum, postoperative patients often have more pronounced pain and the whole recovery process is relatively long. Since the 1990s, some minimally invasive procedures in cardiac surgery have been gradually carried out internationally. Minimally invasive surgery is performed with the least possible trauma to perform the needed heart and vascular surgery to treat the disease. With the advancement of science, cardiac surgery is becoming less and less invasive. The safety of surgically treating heart and vascular diseases is also becoming greater.