Glomerulonephritis, also known as nephritis syndrome (nephritis for short), is a common kidney disease that occurs in the glomeruli of both kidneys for a variety of different reasons and manifests clinically as a group of syndromes. The common manifestations of glomerulonephritis are (may not occur simultaneously): edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, decreased or absent urine output, and normal or decreased renal function. Glomerulonephritis is actually a group of diseases with different etiologies, some of which are still unclear and generally may be related to genetic, infectious, immune, metabolic, tumor and other factors. Glomerulonephritis can be divided into secondary and primary glomerulonephritis: secondary glomerulonephritis is caused by other diseases (such as diabetes, hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus, allergic purpura, vasculitis, etc.) and is a systemic disease in which the kidneys are involved. Primary glomerulonephritis is a nephritis that is considered primary to the kidney after excluding secondary glomerulonephritis. It can also be divided into: acute, chronic and acute nephritis syndromes, and occult nephritis (asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria). The general term glomerulonephritis often refers to primary chronic nephritis if it is not specified. Based on renal puncture biopsy, the pathology of chronic nephritis can be classified as thylakoid proliferative glomerulonephritis; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; membranous nephropathy; thylakoid capillary glomerulonephritis; and sclerosing nephritis. Pathological changes in acute nephritis are characterized by intra-glomerular crescent formation, also known as crescentic nephritis. Except for most nephritis after acute streptococcal infection which can recover and remit with treatment, other glomerulonephritis manifested as acute nephritis syndrome may differ greatly in treatment options, therefore, glomerulonephritis that does not correspond to typical acute nephritis should be diagnosed promptly by renal biopsy for clarification. Three major symptoms of glomerulonephritis: 1. Edema Eyelids, face, lower limbs, perineum and genital edema may occur. In mild cases, there is only weight gain (occult edema), while in severe cases, there can be generalized swelling and even fluid in the chest and abdomen. 2. Hematuria and proteinuria Hematuria of the naked eye, like washing meat water, and in some cases just microscopic hematuria; in glomerulonephritis certain proteins within the blood that are not able to be filtered out from the kidneys are filtered into the urine and proteinuria appears. The main manifestation is the increase of foam in urine, and it does not disappear for a long time. 3. Hypertension The kidneys affect the blood volume of intravascular circulation by excreting water and sodium; at the same time, they produce renin, which produces vasoconstrictive effects and participates in regulating blood pressure. In glomerulonephritis, the kidney’s ability to drain water and sodium decreases and renin production increases, resulting in hypertension. Therapeutic principles: To treat the pathological type and cause, to prevent and delay the progression of renal disease, to improve clinical symptoms, and to prevent and treat complications.