Neovascular glaucoma is a form of glaucoma caused by a new fibrovascular membrane on the surface of the iris and trabeculae that causes adhesions to the peripheral iris anterior and prevents atrial aqueous drainage. It is also known as hemorrhagic glaucoma because the neovascularization is prone to rupture and recurrent anterior chamber hemorrhage. The disease is extremely stubborn and is often ineffective with general antiglaucoma medications and filtration surgery. The patient’s eyes are congested with blood, corneal edema, severe eye pain and headache, often leading to blindness. Iris neovascularization is often secondary to certain diseases that cause retinal hypoxia, such as central retinal vein obstruction, diabetic retinopathy, central retinal artery obstruction, peripapillary retinal veinitis, malignant melanoma, retinoblastoma, retinal detachment, and cranial arteritis, with the first two diseases in particular being more common. Symptoms and signs The clinical features are neovascularization of the iris based on the primary eye disease, closure of the atrial outflow channels by the fibrovascular membrane in the early stages of the disease, and contraction and pulling of the fibrovascular membrane in the later stages, which closes the atrial angle and causes elevated intraocular pressure and severe pain. Treatment options Conventional filtration surgery often fails. Preoperative total retinal photocoagulation or condensation to degenerate the neovascularization or intraoperative and postoperative application of antimetabolites may improve the success rate of surgery. Atrial drainage devices or valve implantation have also been used in recent years to treat neovascular glaucoma. If these methods fail, ciliary disruption surgery may be considered to reduce housing aqueous formation and lower IOP to relieve symptoms. Retinal hypoxia and capillary inattention are the root causes of iris neovascularization. Once retinal ischemia is detected, extensive retinal photocoagulation should be performed to prevent the occurrence of iris neovascularization.