Posterior kyphoplasty (PKP) is an effective method for treating osteoporotic compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine in the elderly. It can restore vertebral body height, relieve thoracolumbar pain caused by fractures, reduce bed rest time, reduce bed rest complications, reduce posterior vertebral deformity in the vertebral body, and reduce neurospinal cord injury caused by posterior deformity, and is an effective treatment for osteoporotic compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine in the elderly. In a comparative study of the quality of survival after PKP treatment for thoracolumbar osteoporotic compression fractures in the elderly, we found that the quality of survival in the PKP group was significantly better than that in the control group. The lumbar brace could be worn to walk on the ground on the second day after surgery, and the lumbar back muscle exercise could be stopped after one month according to the situation.