Urinary stones are a common condition of the urinary tract. Stones can be found in any part of the kidney, bladder, ureter and urethra. However, kidney and ureteral stones are the most common. The clinical presentation varies depending on the location of the stone. The typical manifestations of kidney and ureteral stones are renal colic and hematuria. Before the onset of colic caused by stones, the patient does not feel anything, but due to some trigger, such as strenuous exercise, labor, long car rides, etc., sudden onset of severe colic on one side of the waist, radiating to the lower abdomen and perineum, accompanied by abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, and varying degrees of hematuria; bladder stones mainly manifest as difficulty in urination and painful urination, which may be accompanied by Hematuria.
Urolithiasis is a common disease that occurs in young and middle-aged people, and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. It is one of the most common urological diseases. The mechanism of formation is not fully elucidated, there are several theories, the recurrence rate is high, and there is no ideal prevention method for most stones. The incidence of urolithiasis is regional. In China, it is mostly found south of the Yangtze River. It is relatively uncommon in the north. In the past three decades, the incidence of upper urinary tract (kidney and ureter) stones has increased significantly in China, while lower urinary tract (bladder) stones have become increasingly rare. Among bladder stones, primary stones are significantly less than secondary stones.
I. Common causes
1, primary urinary stones: urinary stones with unknown causes and unclear mechanisms are called primary urinary stones.
2, metabolic urinary stones: these stones are the most common, caused by internal or intrarenal metabolic disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, idiopathic urolithiasis causing increased urinary calcium, increased uric acid excretion of gout, and a large increase in phosphate in renal tubular acidosis. The stones formed by the base are mostly urate, carbonate, cystine xanthine stones.
3, secondary or infectious stones: mainly bacterial infections of the urinary system, especially bacteria that can decompose urea and Bacillus deformans can break down urea into free ammonia to alkalize the urine, prompting phosphate, carbonate to form stones with bacteriophage or pus mass as the core. In addition, the formation of stones is related to race (less incidence in blacks), heredity (genetic tendency of cystine stones), gender, age, geography, diet, nutritional status and urinary tract disorders such as urinary tract stricture and prostatic hyperplasia.
Second, the main components
There are six main components of stones, which are oxalate, phosphate, urate, carbonate, and cystine in proportion. Most of the stones are mixed with two or more kinds of Young’s points. Because crystals often account for more than 60% of the weight of the stone, so the clinical name is given by the crystal composition.
Clinical manifestations
The clinical manifestations are sudden onset, severe lumbar pain, mostly continuous or intermittent pain, and radiation along the ureter to the iliac fossa, perineum and scrotum; hematuria or pus urine, difficulty in urination or interruption of urine flow, etc.
IV. Clinical significance
The urine examination not only can measure the type of stone of the patient; it is also helpful for the treatment plan, disease course observation, recurrence prevention and prognosis judgment; it is also important for understanding the stone composition, distribution, epidemiological investigation and prevention research.
V. Dietary contraindications
1, patients suffering from this disease should be prohibited from eating cholesterol-containing animal liver, kidney, brain, sea shrimp, clams and crabs in the diet.
2, eat less food containing oxalic acid, high calcium, such as spinach, rape, kelp, walnuts beets, chocolate, milk powder, sesame paste, pickled scallops, etc..
3, it is best not to drink alcohol, strong tea, strong coffee.
Six, diet suitable
1, patients suffering from this disease diet should be light, low protein, low fat-based.
2, the diet should be diversified, rich in nutrients and vitamins, such as fresh vegetables, cucumbers, beans, mung bean sprouts; fresh fruit, such as apple sorbet, watermelon, grapes, orange, citrus, etc..
3, develop the habit of drinking more water, generally should drink 1500-2000 ml of water per day as well as juice, light tea and other beverages, such as chrysanthemum crystal, thatch root bamboo cane crystal, summer mulberry, etc.
4, can eat ginseng Huai Shan carp porridge: 250 grams of carp, Huai Shan 30 grams, 30 grams of northern ginseng, 50 grams of white rice. The usual method of boiling porridge, seasoning food.
Seven, prevention
With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the incidence of stones is also increasing, although the situation of urinary stones is now on the rise, but as long as we pay more attention from life, it can play a preventive role.
Eight, life prevention
1, pay attention to the dietary structure, the generation of urinary stones and dietary structure has a certain relationship. Therefore, pay attention to adjust the dietary structure can prevent the recurrence of stones. According to the different composition of urinary stones, dietary regimen should take different plans. For example, patients with calcium oxalate stones should eat less food with high calcium oxalate content, such as spinach, tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, etc.
2.Treat certain primary diseases that cause urinary stones. Hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid adenoma, adenocarcinoma or proliferative changes, etc.) can cause disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body and induce calcium phosphate stones. In this way, it is necessary to treat the parathyroid gland affected first. Obstructive factors in the urinary tract, such as tumors, prostatic hyperplasia, and urethral strictures, can cause urine to accumulate and cause urinary “aging”. When the organic deposits in the urine “age”, they may increase in size and become non-crystalline microstones. Therefore, treatment of certain primary diseases that cause urinary stones is also very important to prevent recurrence of stones.
3. Prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infection is the main local factor of urinary stone formation and is directly related to the prevention and treatment effect of urolithiasis.
4, take Chinese medicine every certain time, with Chinese medicine money grass and sea gold sand infusion to serve, is conducive to the discharge of small stones in the body. If the conditions allow, you can also find a Chinese herbalist according to their own condition to open a simple prescription of Chinese medicine bubble service.
5. Drink more water. Should develop the habit of drinking more water to increase the amount of urine, called “internal washing”, is conducive to the elimination of a variety of salts and minerals in the body. Of course, should pay attention to water hygiene, pay attention to water quality, avoid drinking water containing too much calcium.
6, more activities. Usually more activities, such as walking, jogging, etc.. When you are physically fit, you can also jump in place, which is also good for preventing the recurrence of urinary stones.
Nine, diet prevention
Urinary stones are common diseases of the urinary system, including kidney stones, ureteral stones, urethral stones and bladder stones. Kidney stones are chemicals composed of calcium oxalate that can cause renal colic. Currently, doctors recommend reducing calcium intake in the diet to prevent recurrence of kidney stones. The diet structure is adjusted according to the composition of the stones to determine the diet for stone prevention.
1. A low purine diet should be used for uric acid stones and a low methionine diet for cystic acid stones. Fruits and vegetables can turn urine to alkaline, which is better for preventing uric acid and cystine stones, and meat food makes urine acidic, which is better for preventing infection stones.
2. A low calcium and low phosphorus diet should be used for phosphate stones, and a high calcium, high salt, high oxalic acid, high animal protein, high animal fat and high sugar diet should be avoided for calcium-containing kidney stones.