Celiac disease is a relatively rare disease of the neonatal period, but is one of the most common causes of neonatal pleural effusion, first described by Pisek in 1917. The disease is caused by an abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid, or celiac disease, in the thoracic cavity due to rupture or obstruction of the thoracic duct or large lymphatic vessels in the thoracic cavity, and causes severe respiratory, nutritional, and immune disorders. The common causes of congenital celiac disease are thoracic duct atresia and birth injury. Once celiac disease occurs, it will cause a series of important pathophysiological changes. The retention of large amounts of celiac fluid in the thoracic cavity not only leads to serious disorders of respiratory and circulatory functions, but also causes serious disorders of metabolic, nutritional and immune system functions. The accumulation of celiac fluid in the thoracic cavity reduces lung capacity and causes mediastinal oscillation, resulting in shortness of breath and even significant respiratory distress in the child. The clinical symptoms caused by celiac disease generally worsen gradually. The preferred conservative treatment includes ① fasting; ② or taking products containing medium-chain triglycerides; ③ intravenous nutrition; ④ pleural drainage: installing closed chest drains; ⑤ using tissue adhesives, etc. In conservative treatment, it is important to ensure effective closed chest drainage and complete expansion of the lung, to reduce the pleural cavity as much as possible, and to make adhesions between the pleural wall layer and the dirty layer in order to achieve the purpose of closing the thoracic duct or its branch fistula and controlling celiac disease. The key issue in conservative treatment is to maintain the nutrition of the child and to keep the water and electrolyte balance.