I. Cutting-edge academic review Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in China, the pathogen is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and humans are the only natural host of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, mainly invading the columnar epithelium of the genitourinary tract and destroying the submucosa to cause acute or chronic purulent inflammation of the mucosa of the genitourinary system. Currently, the main detection methods for Neisseria gonorrhoeae are PCR, culture isolation and direct smear. The direct smear method is simple, and the positive rate is 95% for men with obvious symptoms and 60% for women with cervical smear, which is easy to carry out in hospitals at all levels; the isolated culture method is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gonorrhea, but the detection time is long and greatly influenced by the operation technique and culture conditions, and the positive rate is low for chronic patients with mild symptoms; the PCR method has a positive rate of 79 or 86%, and the specimen collection is not as strict as the culture method. The PCR method has a positive rate of 79,86% and specimen collection is not as strict as the culture method, but the experimental conditions are demanding and not easy to promote in primary hospitals. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is highly susceptible to drug resistance, and the current epidemic strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are increasingly resistant to commonly used antibiotics, and the proportion of drug resistance is gradually increasing. There are differences in the drug resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in China. In Jinan area, from 2005 to 2007, 27,9% were resistant to penicillin, 20% to tetracycline, and 98,2% to ciprofloxacin; in Shantou city, from 2004 to 2006, the penicillin resistance rate was 91,5%, the tetracycline resistance rate was 70,4%, and the ciprofloxacin resistance rate was 92,3%; in Nanjing, from 2003 to 2006, the production of The positive rate of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae was maintained between 42,23%-57,36%, and the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains ranged from 97,89%-99,51% every year from 2003 to 2006 in Nanjing. Because the incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance continues to rise, the CDC no longer recommends the use of fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of gonorrhea, and the United Kingdom and the United States have recommended that cephalosporins replace fluoroquinolones for the treatment of gonorrhea, and patients allergic to cephalosporins are best treated with desensitization, and if desensitization is not possible, azithromycin 2g orally can be chosen to effectively inhibit uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Second, clinical problems 1, gonorrhea symptoms are not typical, and laboratory conditions are not sufficient to detect the pathogen how to deal with? In view of the increasing trend of non-gonococcal urethritis and the increasing proportion of gonorrhea combined with non-gonococcal urethritis, in order to quickly relieve the pain and eliminate the infection, the World Health Organization recommends that according to the signs of urethral discomfort and increased discharge, both pathogens of gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis can be given at once. The World Health Organization recommends that according to the symptoms of urethral discomfort and increased discharge, both gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis can be treated at once, i.e. cephalosporins and tetracyclines can be given at the same time, because gonorrhea is often combined with mycoplasma infection, and tetracyclines can be changed to macrolides when the symptoms do not improve significantly. 2.What if gonorrhea is not cured for a long time? Gonorrhea is generally insensitive to quinolones and has a better sensitivity to cephalosporins, so if it is not cured for a long time due to improper use of drugs, it is only necessary to change the treatment with sensitive drugs. For a small number of complicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections, it is important to consider local injections of antibiotics to increase the success rate of treatment by identifying the co-infection with other pathogens, using macrolide antibiotics to prevent non-gonococcal urethritis, and using systemic antibiotics at the same time.