There are two main types of esophageal cancer, squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Although squamous esophageal cancer accounts for 90% of all esophageal cancers worldwide, the mortality and incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing and has surpassed squamous esophageal cancer in several regions of North America and Europe. Esophageal cancer is rare in young adults, and the incidence increases with age, with a peak incidence of 70-80 years. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is highly prevalent in men, 3-4 times more than women, and there is no difference between men and women in esophageal squamous carcinoma. Esophageal cancer staging treatment mode 1. Stage I (T1N0M0) Surgery is preferred. If the cardiopulmonary function is poor or unwilling to operate, radical radiotherapy is feasible. For stage I esophageal cancer with complete resection, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy is not available. Endoscopic mucosal resection is limited to mucosal cancer, while standard esophageal cancer resection should be performed for submucosal cancer. 2.Stage II (T2-3N0M0, T1-2N1M0) Surgery is the preferred treatment. If the cardiopulmonary function is poor or unwilling to operate, radical radiotherapy is feasible. For completely resected T2N0M0, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy is not feasible. For patients with completely resected T3N0M0 and T1-2N1M0, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy may improve the 5-year survival rate. For esophageal squamous carcinoma, postoperative chemotherapy is not recommended. For esophageal adenocarcinoma, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy may be an option. 3.Stage III (T3N1M0, T4N0-1M0) For patients with T3N1M0 and some T4N0-1M0 (invading pericardium, diaphragm and pleura), surgery is still preferred, and neoadjuvant radiotherapy (chemotherapy with platinum-containing regimen combined with radiation therapy) can be studied in hospitals with conditions. Compared with single surgery, preoperative simultaneous radiotherapy may improve the overall survival rate of patients. Compared to surgery alone, preoperative chemotherapy is not recommended and preoperative radiotherapy does not improve survival. However, for esophageal cancer with significant tumor outgrowth detected by preoperative examination and not easily resected completely by surgery, the resection rate can be increased by preoperative radiotherapy. For stage III patients who cannot be operated, the current standard treatment is radiation therapy, and hospitals with conditions can carry out studies on simultaneous radiotherapy (chemotherapy with platinum-containing regimen combined with radiation therapy). For the above stage III patients, adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery may improve the 5-year survival rate. For esophageal squamous carcinoma, postoperative chemotherapy is not recommended. For esophageal adenocarcinoma, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is an option. 4. Stage IV (any T, any N, M1a, any T, any N, M1b) Palliative care is the main tool with or without chemotherapy, and the treatment aims to prolong life and improve quality of life. Palliative treatment mainly includes endoscopic treatment (including esophageal dilatation, esophageal stenting and other treatments) and pain relief symptomatic treatment.