Nosebleeds can be caused by nasal disease or as a result of systemic disease. Specialized treatments for nosebleeds include the use of local hemostatic drugs, cauterization, cryostasis, endonasal endoscopic hemostasis, nasal tamponade, angiographic intra-arterial embolization, and surgical treatments, etc. The above treatments for nosebleeds have limitations and should be performed at the discretion of a specialist.
1. Local hemostatic drugs: commonly used drugs such as hydroxymetazoline, 1% ephedrine, hemagglutinin, etc. locally play the role of vasoconstriction or promotion of coagulation.
2. Cauterization method: applicable to small amount of bleeding, and visible obvious bleeding points, arterial bleeding is invalid. Commonly used laser cauterization and chemical cauterization.
3. Freezing hemostasis method: the use of liquid nitrogen gasification of -195 ℃ low temperature so that the bleeding part of the capillary thrombus will soon be formed, after the repair of the formation of scar and hemostasis.
4. Nasal endoscopic closure of blood vessels: find the active bleeding point under nasal endoscopy, and apply bipolar electrocoagulation, microwave or plasma to close the bleeding point.
5. Nasal tamponade: there are anterior nostril tamponade, posterior nostril tamponade and nasopharyngeal tamponade to deal with the bleeding in the corresponding parts of nasal cavity and nasopharynx respectively.
6. Intra-arterial embolization under angiography: the embolus is selectively placed into the blood vessel of bleeding vessel or blood vessel of tumor through catheter to achieve the purpose of hemostasis.
7. Surgical treatment: choose nasal septum correction surgery for deviated nasal septum, and selective vascular ligation for special cases such as severe trauma, tumor erosion of larger blood vessels or rupture of aneurysm.
When nosebleed occurs, it is recommended to actively seek medical treatment, after systematic examination and clear diagnosis, follow the doctor’s instructions to standardize the treatment.