What are the common causes of epilepsy onset? The causes of epileptogenesis are very complex, and it is customary to classify epilepsy into two main categories, primary and secondary, according to the etiology. The etiology of primary epilepsy is unclear, and current means have not identified structural changes or metabolic abnormalities that could explain the symptoms, which are mainly related to genetic factors. Secondary epilepsy has a variety of causes, and the common causes are the following: birth injuries, central nervous system infections, intracranial tumors, traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, sequelae of febrile convulsions, metabolic disorders, and genetic disorders. What are the symptoms of seizures? The symptoms of seizures are complex and variable, and are clinically divided into two categories: partial seizures and generalized seizures. Partial seizures commonly manifest as localized twitching or sensory abnormalities, mostly in the corner of one side of the mouth, eyelid, fingers or toes, but also involving one side of the face or one limb, sometimes with interruption of speech, and a period of weakness or paralysis of the local limb may remain after the seizure. The seizures are usually clear and brief in duration, but the symptoms are recurrent and relatively stereotyped. In addition, if there is seizure limb tonicity or weakness, head deflection, seizure nausea, abdominal discomfort, repeated repetitive chewing, swallowing, groping, head nodding, nose rubbing, are highly alert to the possibility of epilepsy. The more familiar manifestations of generalized seizures are twitching of the limbs, clenching of the teeth, foaming at the mouth and confusion, commonly known as “sheep epilepsy”. But in addition to this performance, there are many other types that you may not be familiar with, such as repeated rhythmic twitching of both eyelids, repeated dystonic falls, or episodes of dazedness, static gazing, dropping things from the hands, calling out, and sudden demented laughter for no apparent reason. When these conditions occur, it is important to go to the hospital early for an examination to help the doctor make an early and timely diagnosis and treatment. What are the problems of families with epileptic patients? The first is that epilepsy can bring great harm to the patient itself. Recent grand mal seizures can often lead to falls, tongue bites, and even suffocation. Each seizure has a certain impact on the patient’s brain function, and in the long run there will be a gradual decline in intelligence and memory, developmental backwardness, and in severe cases, epileptic encephalopathy. The frequent onset process and the long treatment process also cause psychological damage to patients, who gradually turn away from the crowd, become self-absorbed, withdrawn and rebellious, and even develop different degrees of mental abnormalities, including depression, mania, delusions of victimization, paranoia, and aggressive behavior. In addition, the unfriendly perceptions of some people in society towards epileptic patients make them and their families discriminated and disrespected, and also form an invisible pressure on families.