Dural arteriovenous fistula: Dural arteriovenous fistula (D-AVF) is a “niche product” in hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, accounting for 10-15% of all cerebrovascular malformations. With recent advances in imaging technology, physicians have become more aware of it. The essence is that the artery and vein in the dura are directly connected, much like a “short circuit” caused by a direct connection between the fire and zero wires of an electrical wire can cause a fire. Dural arteriovenous fistulas produce a range of clinical symptoms: mild head discomfort, headache, protrusion, intracranial murmurs and even fatal intracranial hemorrhage. The etiology is not well understood, and there are congenital and acquired causes. The latter is academically dominant. Acquired means that D-AVF is a secondary result of narrowing or occlusion of the dural venous sinuses induced by trauma, inflammation or tumor compression. However, D-AVF is also commonly seen in children under 10 years of age with cerebrovascular malformations and without any obvious causative factors, so it is thought that some cases are congenital developmental problems. In patients with suspected D-AVF, we emphasize that standardized and comprehensive cerebral angiography is the most important method to confirm the diagnosis. To ensure that D-AVF is not missed, it is particularly important to carefully visualize the external carotid artery and the meningeal branches of the vertebral artery. Surgical treatment often involves ligation of the external carotid artery, which is only temporarily effective and prone to recurrence due to the presence of fistulae. Endovascular interventional embolization is probably the best treatment for D-AVF available, but it must be applied to the right patient in the right way. At present, doctors in the cerebrovascular ward of the interventional department strictly implement the Cognard classification of D-AVF, differentiate between transarterial access, venous access or combined arterial-venous access according to the risk level and anatomical characteristics of the lesion, and apply a variety of embolization materials in combination, so that the vast majority of patients can avoid the pain of incision and eliminate the risk of recurrence.