I. Oral hypoglycemic drugs 1, sulfonylureas, such drugs belong to the insulin-producing agents, mainly through increasing the secretion of insulin to lower blood sugar. Commonly used drugs are gliphenylurea (euglycemia), gliclazide (Damacell), glipizide (Disa tablets, Mepida), glipizide (glycoquinone), glimepiride (Van Sulpin, Amoxicillin) and so on. It is mainly used for non-obese type 2 diabetic patients. The common adverse effect is hypoglycemia, and weight gain can occur in long-term users. 2., biguanides, such drugs belong to insulin sensitizers, mainly by reducing the output of liver glucose to reduce blood sugar. Commonly used drugs are metformin. Suitable for obese and overweight type 2 diabetic patients, common adverse reactions are gastrointestinal reactions, occasional allergic reactions, in the case of hepatic and renal insufficiency, hypovolemic shock, heart failure and other hypoxic conditions can occasionally induce lactic acidosis, should be used with caution. 3, glinides, such drugs belong to the insulin secretagogue, mainly by stimulating the early secretion of insulin phase to reduce postprandial blood sugar, characterized by fast absorption, fast onset of action, short duration of action. Commonly used drugs include nateglinide (Tangli), repaglinide (Novaluron), etc. The common adverse reaction is hypoglycemia. 4, α-glucosidase inhibitors, such drugs mainly through the inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase and delay the absorption of carbohydrates, reduce postprandial hyperglycemia. Commonly used drugs include Acarbose (Bacitracin, Carboplatin), Voglibose (Bexin) and so on. It is mainly applied to patients with mainly postprandial hyperglycemia. Common adverse reactions include gastrointestinal reactions, such as abdominal distension, diarrhea and excessive exhaustion. 5, thiazolidinediones, such drugs belong to insulin sensitizers, mainly through the improvement of insulin resistance, is the tissue to increase the sensitivity of insulin and achieve the effect of lowering sugar. The commonly used drug is rosiglitazone (Vindia, Tairo). It is mainly used in early diabetes and type 2 diabetes with certain amount of presence in the body. Common adverse effects include edema and weight gain, which can lead to aggravation of heart failure in patients with existing heart failure and should not be used in patients with cardiac function grade III-IV. 6.Intestinal pro-insulin hormone mainly promotes the secretion of insulin, inhibits the secretion of pancreatic glucagon, and regulates the central role of feeding. It is a kind of glucagon-raising hormone-like peptide, also called human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, such as: liraglutide, exenatide and so on. It can better control blood sugar and reduce body weight, the main adverse effects are gastrointestinal reactions, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, etc. 7.Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitor, DPP4 is a kind of enzyme in the body, that is, enzyme. Its main role is in breaking down the proteins in the body! One of the proteins broken down by DPP4 is called GLP-1, which is a hormone secreted by intestinal cells. GLP-1 can lower blood sugar by way of being able to stimulate insulin, inhibit glucagon, inhibit gastric emptying and allow islet cells to regenerate. DPP4 inhibitors, which cause DPP4 inactivation and thus do not break down GLP-1, have now become one of the main thrusts in the treatment of diabetes. The DPP4 inhibitors that have been most intensively studied and have been used in the clinic are selegiline, vincristine and saxagliptin. 8, in, modern pharmacological research has proved that many single herbs have hypoglycemic effect. However, the treatment of diabetes in Chinese medicine, like the treatment of other diseases, is characterized by the importance of individual differences in patients and the use of compound prescriptions. Chinese medicine has the characteristics of multi-target, multi-pathway and low adverse effects. The treatment of diabetes by TCM not only lies in lowering blood glucose, but more importantly, focuses on the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications, which plays a role in improving the quality of life and prolonging life expectancy. Compared to Chinese herbal medicine, the application of proprietary Chinese medicine is more common, such as: thirst pills, hypoglycemic pills, Yuquan pills, thirsty Leining capsules, hypoglycemic A tablets, etc. The specific patients to which drug treatment is applicable, but also under the guidance of doctors to apply. According to personal clinical experience, Chinese herbal soup is better than proprietary Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. Insulin 1.Ultra-short-acting insulin: Eugenol (lysergic insulin) and Novalis (menthol insulin), etc., injected before meals. 2.Short-acting insulins: Novolin R, Eugenol R, Gansulin R, etc., can be injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously, usually 15 – 30 minutes before meals subcutaneously. 3.Medium-acting insulin: Novolin N, Eugenol N, Gansulin N, etc., can be injected once or twice a day, subcutaneously or intramuscularly, not intravenously by drip. 4.Long-acting insulins: such as Lysine (glargine insulin), Novaline (insulin), etc., injected daily in the evening, usually not used alone, often combined with short-acting insulin, not intravenous drip. 5, premixed insulin: insulin preparations of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulin pre-mixed in different proportions (30/70, 50/50, 70/30), such as Novaline 30R, 70% Novaline N. According to the patient’s blood glucose level after breakfast and lunch to determine a dose before breakfast subcutaneous injection, according to the patient’s blood glucose level after dinner and the next morning to determine the dose before dinner subcutaneous injection. Adverse reactions of insulin Common adverse reactions are hypoglycemia, related to excessive drug dose, excessive exercise and reduced eating. Hypoglycemic reactions are mainly manifested as palpitations, sweating, hand trembling, dizziness, hunger, weakness, and in severe cases, psychiatric symptoms and coma. The rare adverse reactions are fat atrophy and allergic reactions.