Pituitary tumor (pituitary tumor for short) is one of the most common intracranial tumors, accounting for about 10% of intracranial tumors. The incidence of pituitary tumor in human population reaches 1/100,000-7/100,000, and its incidence has been increasing significantly in recent years with early age of onset. In China, with a population of 1.3 billion, the annual incidence of new cases is 13,000-91000, and the actual prevalence is much higher than this figure. Pituitary tumors are benign tumors by nature, but because they occur in the pituitary gland, the human endocrine center in the skull, they can cause serious damage to the growth, development, labor ability and reproductive function of patients. –The stability of the family. The mechanism of pituitary adenoma has not been fully clarified so far, but there are two mechanisms: 1) pituitary cell self-deficiency theory, which suggests that the local pituitary cells are hyperfunctional and eventually form adenomas; 2) hypothalamic dysregulation theory, which suggests that hypothalamic impulses induce pituitary hyperfunction, hyperplasia and then adenomas. Currently, due to the development of molecular biology, most scholars now recognize the multi-step theory of pituitary adenoma, which unifies the two theories. The new classification of pituitary adenomas is divided into seven categories, namely, prolactinoma, growth hormone cell tumor, adrenocorticotropic hormone cell tumor, thyrotropic cell tumor, gonadotropin cell tumor, multisecretory functional cell tumor, and nonfunctional cell tumor. Due to the difference of their endocrine functions, the clinical manifestations have their own characteristics. Prolactinoma: It is the most common type of pituitary tumor, accounting for 40%-60% of pituitary tumors. It is mainly based on the pathology of increased prolactin and decreased estrogen, and women show symptoms such as irregular menstruation or amenorrhea, non-lactating breast overflow and infertility; men show symptoms such as impotence and hypogonadism. 2, growth hormone cell tumor: about 20%-30% of pituitary tumors, its pathology is mainly due to the continuous excessive secretion of growth hormone, which can lead to metabolic disorders, causing a series of changes such as excessive growth of bones, soft tissues and internal organs, such as lesions occurring before puberty before the fusion of bones by the role of growth hormone, patients overgrow and become gigantism; adult skeletal fusion of patients are manifested as hypertrophy of the extremities ( abnormally large hands and feet, broad head and face, high cheekbones, protruding and lengthening jaws, enlarged nose, thickened lips and mouth, etc.). Growth hormone cell tumors are often overlooked because they are small in early stages and the patient has few physical changes; if there are typical physical changes, the tumor has often been present for many years. Patients often have cervicothoracic and lumbar back pain due to abnormal growth of vertebrae (62%-75%), and 38% may develop sleep apnea syndrome; some patients may have enlarged thyroid, nodules or hyper/hypothyroidism. Due to excessive growth hormone, systemic metabolic changes can lead to insulin resistance, hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Growth hormone increases calcium absorption and urinary tract stones occur in 6-12% of patients. If hypopituitarism occurs, gonadal function will be affected at the earliest and most obvious, manifesting as hypogonadism, impotence, scanty menstruation or amenorrhea in women, and in severe cases, sexual organ atrophy. Patients with growth hormone cell tumors are prone to early death, with 50% of cases dying at the age of 50 and 80% of patients dying before the age of 60. The most common cause of death is cardiac, cerebrovascular and respiratory complications or pituitary failure. Adrenocorticotropic hormone cell tumor: It accounts for 5%-10% of pituitary tumors, and is more common in women than men. It is mainly due to the continuous overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the tumor, resulting in adrenocortical hyperplasia and excessive secretion of cortisol, leading to a series of metabolic disorders. More than 80% of them are overweight, with fat accumulation on the face and trunk, which is called “full moon face” (round face “fat”), “buffalo back” (subcutaneous fat on the back). “(thick subcutaneous fat on the back), while the limbs are relatively thin and atherosclerotic. Abnormal protein metabolism leads to thin skin, capillary dilation, increased fragility prone to purpura. Osteoporosis is prone to pathological fractures and muscle atrophy and weakness. Excessive cortisol inhibits pituitary gonadotropin, resulting in decreased libido and irregular menstruation in 70%-87% of women and impotence, reduced sperm and testicular atrophy in 20% of men. Excess cortisol makes women hairy, long beard, masculinization of the throat, but also can lead to hypokalemia, hypochlorhydria, hypernatremia, diabetes (8-10%), hypertension (80%-90%), often due to heart, cerebrovascular disease and respiratory infectious diseases and early death. 4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone cell tumor: This tumor is rare, about 10%. Due to excessive secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone, the thyroid gland secretes excessive T3 and T4, which often manifests clinically as hyperthyroidism. It is also secondary to hypothyroidism, which negatively causes thyroid stimulating hormone cell tumor. 5.Gonadotropin cell tumor: very rare, due to excessive secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, it may be asymptomatic in early stage, but hypogonadism, amenorrhea, sterility, impotence, testicular atrophy and sperm reduction in late stage. 6.Multisecretory cell tumor The tumor contains 2 or more types of secretory hormone cells, producing a mixed syndrome of multiple endocrine dysfunction symptoms. The most common type is GH+PRL, in addition to GH+ACTH, PRL+ACTH, PRL+LH or FSH, GH+ACTH+TSH. the diagnosis of the mixed type mainly relies on immunopathological methods to identify. 7.No endocrine function cell tumor It accounts for 20%-35% of pituitary tumors, clinically no obvious endocrine symptoms, when the tumor is large, it may show symptoms of optic nerve cross section compression (vision loss, visual field reduction – bilateral temporal side hemianopia,), and in late stage, it produces symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and pituitary hypofunction.