The thyroid gland is located below the laryngeal nodes and its main function is to synthesize, store and secrete thyroid hormones to maintain human growth, development and metabolism. About 20% of women over the age of 40 have thyroid disorders, such as thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism and tumors. Many patients are unaware of their condition because of insidious clinical symptoms. As the incidence of thyroid disease increases, the number of patients requiring surgical treatment is growing. Traditional thyroidectomy can effectively treat thyroid disease, but inevitably leaves a long surgical scar on the exposed part of the neck permanently, and scar growth causes a lot of psychological stress to patients, especially scar patients, so new treatment methods are needed to make up for the shortcomings of traditional surgery. Endoscopic thyroidectomy is a new surgical method developed in recent years. In 1996, Dr. Gagner completed the world’s first lumpectomy of a large part of the parathyroid gland in the United States, and in 1997, Dr. Hussher completed the first lumpectomy of a thyroid lobe with satisfactory cosmetic results. The first lumpectomy thyroid surgery was performed in China in 2001, and according to statistics, more than 200 hospitals in China perform thousands of lumpectomy thyroid surgeries every year. The lumpectomy thyroid surgery is based on the cure of the disease, while the surgical incision is reduced and hidden, it will be located in hidden areas or natural skin folds, such as the armpit, chest, under the clavicle, etc., plus clothing cover, the cosmetic effect is good, in line with modern aesthetic requirements. The intraoperative screen surveillance system can clearly display the important anatomical structures such as blood vessels and nerves of the tissues around the thyroid gland and avoid accidental damage to a large extent. It is generally believed that the main indications for lumpectomy thyroidectomy are: 1) thyroid adenoma; 2) thyroid cyst; 3) nodular goiter (single or multiple, preferably less than 5 cm in diameter) requiring surgical treatment; 4) isolated toxic thyroid nodule; 5) thyroid cancer of low malignancy. The main contraindications to surgery are: 1. history of previous neck surgery; 2. huge thyroid masses (greater than 5 cm in diameter); 3. malignant tumors with extensive lymph node metastases. Relative contraindications to surgery: 1, previous history of neck radiation therapy; 2, thyroiditis; 3, hyperthyroidism. With the accumulation of experience and technical progress, the scope of lumpectomy thyroid is expanding, such as patients with hyperthyroidism and giant goiter. At this stage, the main lumpectomy thyroid procedures are: 1. lumpectomy-assisted thyroidectomy: a small incision is made in the superior sternal fossa, and the lumpectomy scope and surgical instruments are inserted for surgery. 3. lumpectomy through subclavian approach: the incision is located under the affected clavicle, leaving a scattered scar under the clavicle after surgery, with a certain degree of concealment; 4. lumpectomy through axillary approach: the incision is hidden under the axilla, suitable for unilateral benign thyroid tumors, with better cosmetic results; 5. lumpectomy through areola approach: it was applied in 1998. It is the ideal method with the most clinical applications. After surgery, only a scar of about 1 cm each is left in the cleavage and bilateral areola, which is especially suitable for young female patients. As with conventional surgery, postoperative complications of lumpectomy thyroid surgery include neck skin tension, subcutaneous emphysema, bleeding, injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypothyroidism. Post-operative complications can be avoided by an experienced surgeon and standardized and skilled operating techniques. It is believed that with the deepening of clinical application, the proficiency of surgical techniques and the improvement of lumpectomy instruments, lumpectomy thyroid surgery will be further minimally invasive and welcomed by the majority of patients.