Nephrectomy usually refers to the removal of diseased kidneys that have lost their functions or kidneys with malignant changes. Common causes include renal tuberculosis, malignant tumors of kidneys, septic kidneys, complete loss of renal function, severe renal trauma and so on, which belongs to the removal of human organs, and it can be called a major surgery. The preoperative preparation for nephrectomy surgery requires high requirements, in addition to checking the condition of vital organs (such as cardiopulmonary function), but also need to pay special attention to the renal function test, to make clear whether the healthy side of the kidney can compensate for the function of the resected side, and to maintain the normal function of the body’s urinary system. Preoperative pyelogram must be performed to clarify the condition of bilateral kidneys. Due to the rich blood supply of the kidneys and the complexity of the surrounding anatomical structures, nephrectomy involves a certain degree of risk, and the nerves and blood vessels around the kidneys are also relatively abundant, which are easy to be damaged when separating them, thus leading to bleeding, etc., which is a higher risk, so nephrectomy is a difficult operation.