Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has a relatively high incidence of conversion to acute leukemia. The treatment of this syndrome is not yet as effective as the treatment of acute leukemia, and any treatment for acute leukemia, as well as differentiation-inducing agents, hematopoiesis-stimulating drugs, chemotherapeutic agents and bone marrow transplantation can be used for MDS treatment. In leukemia, the hematopoietic cells are stagnant at the primitive or infantile stage of cell development and proliferate rapidly. If the hematopoietic cells can be induced to differentiate and mature into normal functioning cells with drugs, this treatment has been effective and experienced in the treatment of certain types of acute leukemia. Patients with refractory anemia with few primitive cells in the bone marrow can be treated with differentiation-inducing agents, such as retinoic acid and vitamin D3, as well as drugs that stimulate hematopoiesis, such as androgens and cytokines, which should be reviewed regularly during treatment to closely monitor the progress of the disease. In severe cases of anemia, blood transfusion should be given as symptomatic treatment. For patients with increased primitive cells in the bone marrow or in the process of transformation to leukemia, chemotherapeutic drugs are needed, and bone marrow transplantation should be sought if there is a suitable donor. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been used to treat MDS with good results. Bone marrow transplantation is not very scary, and the current method is mature and reliable. In conclusion, MDS is not an incurable disease and should be treated with a positive attitude, early diagnosis and early treatment.