Corneal transplantation is an ocular microsurgery procedure that replaces a diseased opaque cornea with human transparent corneal material to improve vision or treat certain corneal disorders because the cornea itself does not contain blood vessels. The cornea itself does not contain blood vessels, and is “immune-exempt”, making the success rate of corneal transplants one of the highest of any other allogeneic organ transplant. Most of the cornea material is taken from fresh corpses (donor), not more than 12 hours after death (winter or timely refrigeration), the corneal epithelium is intact, the stroma is transparent, and the thickness is unchanged is preferred, such as fresh corneal material by the preservation of the liquid or deep cryogenic special treatment, it can be maintained for several days or weeks to be used. Corneal transplants can be divided into two types: penetrating and laminar. Penetrating corneal transplantation is to use a ring drill of a certain diameter to drill away the whole layer of cornea with lesions, and then use the same caliber or a slightly larger ring drill to drill the donor’s main corneal membrane, and then use 10-0 nylon thread to tightly sew it onto the recipient’s cornea, and then finally, inject Ringer’s solution to form the anterior chamber and prevent the anterior iris from adhering to the cornea. Plate corneal transplantation only removes the superficial corneal tissue with lesions, and the deeper, more intact recipient cornea is still preserved, and then the same size and thickness of the anterior corneal sheet of the donor cornea is taken and sewn to the trauma of the recipient cornea. The lamellar corneal graft does not penetrate the anterior chamber and is an extraocular procedure that generally does not disturb intraocular tissues. Whether the graft can survive and remain transparent without rejection depends on a number of reasons. Compatibility antibodies between allogeneic tissues play an important role, and the use of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matching donor material can minimize postoperative rejection, while the condition of the recipient cornea and surgical technique also greatly affect the final outcome of the corneal graft. Neovascularization of the recipient cornea with thick and extensive scar tissue or with anterior iris adhesions, excessive tissue damage during surgery, etc. will increase the chances of rejection and make the graft become cloudy, and the administration of corticosteroids for a certain period of time postoperatively can reduce the rejection reaction. In the late 70s, with the successive introduction and application of 10-0 nylon suture, flat spatula needle, high-precision surgical microscope, anti-immune rejection drugs, as well as surgical keratometer and corneal topography, optical corneal transplantation has been widely carried out in China. At the same time, a large number of correlative studies have been conducted on the efficacy of therapeutic corneal transplantation and combined surgeries. With the introduction and application of new instruments and equipment, the success rate and optical effect of optical corneal transplantation have been improved. Selective lamellar or penetrating corneal transplantation or reconstruction of the anterior segment of the eye can be effective in controlling the infection, preserving the eye, and retaining the residual vision. In the study, herpes simplex corneal ulcers were found to have the best outcome, followed by bacterial corneal ulcers. The ultimate treatment for corneal endothelial loss (macrovesicular keratoconus) is to perform a penetrating corneal transplantation to replace the loss of corneal endothelium and to restore the normal thickness and transparency of the cornea. Improvements in the method of intraoperative implant and implant bed cutting, as well as research on techniques such as optical center alignment, pupil formation, application of surgical keratometers, and postoperative corneal topography-guided selective suture removal, have improved the optical outcome of the procedure to some extent. The improvement of corneal cutting techniques for lamellar corneal transplantation, such as interlayer injection of viscoelastic agent and/or air separation of the lamellar cornea, or the use of automatic lamellar corneal cutting and molding knives to cut the implant and the implant bed in cases of only superficial corneal cloudy lesions to alleviate the roughness of the interface between the corneal implant bed and the implant bed, and the partial- and full-thickness lamellar corneal transplantation are used in clinical practice, with better efficacy. The use of corneal transplantation combined with cataract extraction or anti-glaucoma surgery and combined anterior and posterior segment surgery under a temporary artificial cornea can save the affected eye in time for those with severe ocular trauma that cannot be effectively controlled by conventional surgery. The emergence and development of artificial cornea technology and prospects. In recent years, foreign researchers have successfully cultivated an artificial cornea from human cells, whose shape and function are exactly the same as that of the real human cornea, which can be turned into a substitute for the human cornea, and can be used for corneal transplantation someday. Artificial cornea is a special refractive device made of heterogeneous molding material to replace cloudy and diseased tissues such as corneal scar, which is surgically implanted in the affected eye for the purpose of vision enhancement, treatment or observation of intraocular conditions. Many scientists have designed numerous artificial corneas with varying degrees of success. However, the compatibility between heterogeneous materials and biological tissues has been the key factor affecting the success or failure of artificial cornea surgery at present. It has received increasing attention because it is the only hope for restoring sight in patients with corneal blindness who are unfit to receive corneal transplantation or who have failed postoperatively. Currently, the most promising is the hybrid artificial cornea. The future development trend is to utilize autologous corneal cells and get cultured autologous corneal slice for corneal transplantation by tissue culture method, which can solve the problem of donor source as well as the problem of rejection. So the success of hybrid artificial cornea will lay a good foundation for corneal tissue engineering technology.