Sickle cell anemia (SCD) is a group of inherited blood disorders that manifest with chronic anemia, susceptibility to infection, pain, and chronic localized ischemic damage to tissues and organs.SCD disease was originally named in 1970 by Dr. James Herrick of Chicago, who discovered through microscopy that the patient’s symptoms were derived from sickle-shaped red blood cells. Later, it was discovered that these sickle-shaped red blood cells had a poor oxygen-carrying capacity. It is now clear to us that an abnormal hemoglobin gene is the culprit. Normal red blood cells are biconcave disc-shaped and pass smoothly through the smallest of blood vessels. However, the hemoglobin molecules in SCD contain an abnormal set of amino acids that cause an abnormal reaction in the transport of oxygen throughout the body. Sickle cells clump together to form long, twisted chains of cellular polymers that do not move freely within the blood vessels and, when passing through some of the smaller arteries and veins, clump together into more clumps that adhere to the vessel walls, at which point pain, organ damage and even stroke occur in various parts of the body. SCD is the most common cause of strokes in children, and parents in such families need to take it very seriously.