Epilepsy, commonly known as “sheep epilepsy”, is not uncommon in our daily life. If epilepsy is not effectively treated, long-term recurrent seizures will cause significant damage to neurological development, intelligence, mental and psychological well-being, and will seriously affect the patient’s daily life and work, causing a heavy burden to the patient, society and family. Epilepsy is a chronic disease in which sudden abnormal discharges of neurons in the brain cause transient brain dysfunction. It is characterized by sudden and transient symptoms, with one or more of the following manifestations, such as seizures with brief loss of consciousness, limb convulsions, limb tonicity, foaming at the mouth, motor impairment, sensory abnormalities, visual abnormalities or fear, pallor, phantom smells, and a sense of rising abdominal gas, due to the location of abnormally discharged neurons in the brain. Epilepsy can be simply divided into two categories: primary and secondary. The so-called primary epilepsy refers to those whose epileptic foci are not detected by various tests at present, and conversely, it is called secondary epilepsy. The common diagnostic tests for epilepsy in modern medicine include general EEG (less than 50% positive rate), long-range dynamic video EEG, intracranial electrode EEG, MRI, MRS, CT, PET, and magnetoencephalography, which can be used at the discretion of the patient’s different conditions. Usually, the treatment of epilepsy can be mainly divided into medication and surgery. For those who are unable to identify the epileptic lesion (primary epilepsy) by modern medical examination methods, drug therapy is generally used first. However, considering the uncertainty, long-term and cumulative side effects of drug therapy, surgical treatment should be chosen for the following cases: 1. For those who can find clear epileptic foci through various modern medical examinations (secondary epilepsy), surgical excision of epileptogenic foci is generally preferred. Cortical dysplasia, cerebral gyral fissure malformation, cerebral gray matter ectopic, post-traumatic softening foci, parasites, sarcoidosis, Rasmussen encephalitis, etc. 2, For epileptic lesions located in important functional areas of the brain such as motor or language, and lesion excision surgery will lead to severe dysfunction, multiple submural transverse fiber resection, low power thermal cautery of the epileptogenic area, corpus callosotomy, vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain electrical stimulation and other treatment methods can be selected according to the situation. 3. Primary epilepsy (those with no abnormalities on CT and MRI examinations) is not a contraindication to surgery. For those who are not well treated with regular medication, have frequent seizures, or have fewer seizures but severe seizures that significantly affect their daily work and life, they can consider choosing the appropriate surgical treatment as appropriate. For some patients who can locate the epileptogenic focus through noninvasive and invasive assessment, it is possible to apply epileptogenic focus resection to achieve good results; other patients can consider corpus callosotomy, vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain electrical stimulation and other procedures as appropriate. Contraindications to surgical treatment of epilepsy are as follows: 1. those with mild epileptic seizures that do not affect work and life; 2. those with severe medical diseases, coagulation dysfunction, etc.; 3. those with active psychosis. The following conditions are strongly recommended for priority consideration of surgical treatment: 1. temporal lobe epilepsy, with or without other lesions such as hippocampal sclerosis. tumors, cysts, cavernous hemangiomas, vascular malformations, focal cortical dysplasia, cerebral gyral fissure malformations, cerebral gray matter ectopia, post-traumatic softening focal scar, parasites, granulomas, etc.); 4. Patients with drug-refractory epilepsy in whom no clear foci are found by CT and MRI examinations, but the epileptogenic foci can be more clearly localized by comprehensive analysis of seizure symptoms, EEG and PET. In summary, surgery is a very important treatment for many epilepsy cases. For secondary epilepsy with a clear epileptogenic focus, surgery should be preferred if the lesion is not in an important functional area, which includes the more common temporal lobe epilepsy, and surgical treatment can achieve good satisfactory results in most of these patients. For drug-refractory primary epilepsy and secondary epilepsy with foci located in important functional areas, surgical treatment also provides a valuable treatment option for such patients and can be used as appropriate.