Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease caused by genetic abnormalities in the heart and has a high incidence, with one case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in about 500 people. Due to their genetic abnormality, their heart muscle will grow uncoordinated, manifesting as asymmetric hypertrophy of the heart muscle, with significant hypertrophy in the left ventricle and essentially normal myocardium in the right ventricle. Myocardial hypertrophy causing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is called hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The age of onset, symptoms, and long-term prognosis of patients vary widely. The age of onset can range from infancy to advanced age of 70 years. They can present with angina pectoris, exertional dyspnea, and syncope, which can occur alone or in combination. The patient’s symptoms are associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, arrhythmias, abnormalities in cardiac conduction, and abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic and systolic function. Some patients may also present with mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, and sudden death. The annual mortality rate for adult-onset hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is 1%, while those patients at high risk can have an annual mortality rate of 6%. High-risk patients are those with a history of cardiac arrest, a history of ventricular tachycardia, a family history of sudden death in a minor, a history of syncope, left ventricular hypertrophy greater than 30 mm, and abnormal blood pressure during exercise. Since the disease is associated with genetic abnormalities, its onset is familial. Therefore, all immediate family members of patients diagnosed with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy should undergo regular echocardiography. Echocardiography is the most commonly used method to confirm the diagnosis of hypertrophic myocardium. Echocardiography can clarify the degree of ventricular hypertrophy, the obstructive condition of the left ventricular outflow tract, and the degree of mitral regurgitation. Treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy depends on whether the patient is symptomatic and whether he or she is a high-risk patient. Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy do not require treatment if they are asymptomatic and not at high risk, while patients who are asymptomatic but at high risk may require an implantable automatic defibrillator. Patients with symptoms can be treated with medications of their choice. The preferred drug is a beta-blocker, which slows the heart rate, increases ventricular filling, reduces the left ventricular outflow tract pressure difference, decreases cardiac oxygen consumption, and protects the heart muscle. Propiamine is also commonly used to slow the heart rate and reduce the incidence of arrhythmias. Diuretics may be used with caution in cases of pulmonary venous stasis. Patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who do not respond well to drug therapy may be treated with surgical partial septal resection, septal alcohol ablation, and dual-chamber pacing of the heart. The surgical approach is the classical treatment that removes part of the hypertrophic septum and eliminates the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and can be accompanied by repair or replacement of the diseased mitral valve. With the in-depth understanding of the disease and the maturity of the surgical technique, partial septal resection is basically the definitive procedure, which is the gold standard for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with its precise efficacy and low operative mortality. In conclusion, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common disease, and high-risk patients with severe symptoms can be effectively treated by surgery.