Botulinum toxins, like digitalis, atropine, and paclitaxel, have become indispensable as routine medications, although they were first recognized for their toxicological properties. In the early 18th century, Kerner, a German physician, published the first accurate and complete description of the clinical symptoms of foodborne botulinum toxin poisoning, and in the late 18th century, Professor van Ermengem, a Belgian microbiologist, first isolated the causative organism from food and food poisoning victims –Clostridium botulinum. In the 1970s, Alan Scott, an ophthalmologist at the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Center in San Francisco, directed his research toward non-surgical treatment of patients with strabismus, convinced that the same effect of myotomy could be achieved by a chemical that weakened the force of the extraocular muscles pulling on the eye. After a series of animal studies and clinical studies, Dr. AlanScott eventually received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to begin using Botulinum Toxin Type A for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm in humans. The use of botulinum toxin type A in cosmetic surgery dates back to the 1980s, when ophthalmologist Jean Carruthers noticed an unexpected effect on the brow when treating blepharospasm: a noticeable improvement in the frown lines between the eyebrows, resulting in a calm, natural-looking expression. This indication was approved worldwide.